Strategies for adapting under pressure: An interview study in community mental health services

Ruta Buivydaite^1*Dulcie Irving²Bethan Page³Bill Tiplady²Charles Vincent⁴

• ¹Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Social Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
• ²Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
• ³Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care Policy & Rehabilitation, London, United Kingdom
• ⁴University of Oxford Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, United Kingdom

Background Mental health services are operating under significant and sustained pressures. Healthcare professionals and managers are continually making adjustments, often improvised and inconsistent across teams. This study aimed to identify and describe the everyday pressures experienced in community mental health settings and the adaptive strategies used by senior leadership and management staff to respond. The longer-term goal is to inform more coordinated, practical approaches to managing services under pressure. Methods We conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews with 22 senior leadership and management staff from community mental health services within a single NHS Trust in England. Interviews explored the everyday pressures encountered and the strategies adopted in response. Data were analysed thematically using a template analysis approach, guided by our previously developed framework—a taxonomy of pressures and adaptive strategies from earlier studies in surgery and intensive care. Results The main source of pressure was a shortage of staff with the necessary skills and experience to manage increasing patient numbers and complexity. Strategies were categorised as anticipatory (implemented in advance of expected pressures) and on-the-day responses. Most were anticipatory, reflecting limited capacity for real-time adaptation. Common strategies involved controlling patient demand and prioritising urgent cases, flexing staff allocation, and enhancing staff support, supervision, and coordination. Flexible use of external services, such as primary care and voluntary sector resources, was also reported. Conclusions Senior mental health staff employ a broad range of adaptive strategies during periods of pressure to manage patient risk, sustain patient flow, and support staff wellbeing. Compared with acute hospital settings such as surgery and intensive care, anticipatory strategies were more prevalent in mental health services, where day-to-day flexibility is constrained by staffing and service structures. There is significant potential to train clinical leaders and teams in the effective use of adaptive strategies and to improve cross-service coordination. The framework used in this study offers a shared language and a practical menu of options to help mental health services prioritise rising patient demand and safeguard staff wellbeing.