Attitude and Perception Toward Artificial Intelligence Among German Physicians with Intensive Care Experience: A survey study

Godwin Denk Giebel^1*Pascal Raszke¹Marianne Tokic²Lars Palmowski³Nina Timmesfeld²Hartmuth Nowak³Michael Adamzik³Philipp Heinz⁴Frank Martin Brunkhorst⁵Jürgen Wasem¹Florian Buchner^1,6Nikola Blase¹

• ¹Institute for Healthcare Management and Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
• ²Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
• ³Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
• ⁴Knappschaft Kliniken GmbH, Recklinghausen, Germany
• ⁵German Sepsis Society, Berlin, Germany
• ⁶Chair of Health Economics, Kärnten University of Applied Sciences, Feldkirchen, Austria

Introduction: The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare are very diverse. AI-based systems can assist with diagnosis and decision-making, particularly in intensive care medicine. However, physicians must accept these systems to fully exploit their potential. We investigated attitude and perception toward AI among physicians with intensive care experience. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted between August and October 2024 among 7,475 physicians with intensive care experience. Participants were recruited via the hospital operator Knappschaftskliniken GmbH, the German Sepsis Society and via an address register. The questionnaire collected background information on the participants as well as their attitude toward and perception to AI. Their general attitudes toward AI were assessed using the validated Attari-12 tool. Questions specifically addressing attitude and perception of AI in healthcare were developed independently. Descriptive statistics and subgroup analysis were conducted. Results: Of the 7,475 physicians initially contacted, 620 returned the questionnaire. Of these, 445 questionnaires were included in the evaluation. Most were male (81.8%) aged over 50 years in leadership positions (92.1%). In both cases, general and health care specific, the attitude toward AI was rather positive. The majority of physicians asked for AI applications that are comprehensible to the treating physicians (87.1%) and agreed that objective values alone are not always sufficient for making medical decisions (87.3%). Furthermore, physicians faced problems in finding reliable information about AI in healthcare (52.6%) and only 21.6% considered communication about AI in the medical community as appropriate. Subgroup analysis revealed few differences for age and gender. The correlation between conscious use of AI in a professional context and attitude toward it was notable. Discussion: Physicians with intensive care experience generally hold a positive attitude toward AI, particularly in healthcare. However, the sample was predominantly male, older, and in leadership positions, so these findings may not fully reflect the attitudes of younger or female physicians. Several considerations were highlighted: AI outputs should be interpretable, clinical decisions cannot rely solely on objective data, and physicians need reliable information and guidance for further AI education. Leveraging the positive attitude could help make healthcare systems more efficient, effective, and sustainable.