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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Mar. Sci.

Sec. Marine Molecular Biology and Ecology

Volume 12 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmars.2025.1609951

Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling of Pseudocnella sykion from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa using 1 H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-HR-MS

Provisionally accepted
  • 1University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  • 2University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
  • 3University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Sea cucumbers are ecologically and economically significant marine invertebrates, yet the metabolic diversity and bioactive potential of non-commercialised, endemic species remains poorly understood. This study presents the first intra-species metabolomic analysis of Pseudocnella sykion, a species endemic to the Eastern coast of Southern Africa, using untargeted 1 H-NMR metabolomics and full-scan UPLC-QTOF-HR-MS. The analysis revealed a diverse array of metabolites associated with protein synthesis, tissue growth, osmoregulation, and energy utilisation, with distinct tissuespecific patterns across the body wall, gonad, and gut/mesentery. The gut/mesentery tissue showed higher levels of amino acids and energy-related compounds. UPLC-QTOF-HR-MS tentatively identified several metabolites, including triterpene glycosides and rosmarinic acid, a phenolic compound typically associated with plants. Online resources, including the Dictionary of Marine Natural Products, contained no previously recorded compounds for P. sykion. These findings underscore the untapped potential of P. sykion as a source of novel metabolites and demonstrate the utility of untargeted metabolomics in generating baseline profiles for underexplored marine species.The results offer a foundation for future research into bioactivity, environmental monitoring, and cultivation strategies. While this study provides critical baseline data, challenges in metabolite identification and extraction underscore the need for further targeted analyses. Overall, this research enhances our understanding of the metabolic dynamics of sea cucumbers and advocates for continued exploration of lesser-known species to support conservation, bioprospecting, and sustainable aquaculture. It represents a pioneering effort in metabolomic profiling of Southern African sea cucumber species and lays the groundwork for future investigations into their metabolic pathways and potential bioactivities.

Keywords: Pseudocnella sykion, Endemic, Dendrochirotida, Metabolomics, 1 H-NMR, UPLC-QTOF-HR-MS

Received: 11 Apr 2025; Accepted: 05 Aug 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Upton, Prinsloo, Steenkamp and Okpeku. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Moses Okpeku, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

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