Function of Non-coding RNA in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer

Abstract

Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system. Its occurrence and development are the result of a combination of genetic, environmental, and microbial factors. Helicobacter pylori infection is a chronic infection that is closely related to the occurrence of gastric tumorigenesis. Non-coding RNA has been demonstrated to play a very important role in the organism, exerting a prominent role in the carcinogenesis, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance of tumor progression. H. pylori infection affects the expression of non-coding RNA at multiple levels such as genetic polymorphisms and signaling pathways, thereby promoting or inhibiting tumor progression or chemoresistance. This paper mainly introduces the relationship between H. pylori-infected gastric cancer and non-coding RNA, providing a new perspective for gastric cancer treatment.

Introduction

As one of the most common digestive tumors worldwide, the morbidity and mortality of gastric cancer (GC) are increasing annually (Ferlay et al., 2019). The associated risk factors include smoking, overweight, salty food consumption, Epstein–Barr virus infection, and exposure to asbestos. Surgery, chemotherapy, and chemoradiation are the main treatments for GC, but the prognosis is not satisfactory. Numerous studies have shown that the pathogenesis and progression of GC are closely related to those of Helicobacter pylori infection (Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group [HCCG], 2001). H. pylori is regarded as a gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium that is capable of entering the human body early and colonizing the mucosal area of the stomach for a long time (Blaser and Atherton, 2004). H. pylori infection is associated with inducing chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, GC, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (Petra et al., 2017). Various clinical analysis and basic biological research have revealed that patients with H. pylori-positive GC have more lymph node metastasis and a worse prognosis than have negative patients. Therapy for H. pylori eradication can effectively prevent GC (Choi et al., 2018; Mera et al., 2018; Suzuki and Matsuzaki, 2018). The Kyoto Global Consensus Report recommends that regardless of age or severity of gastric mucosal lesions, especially in areas with a high incidence of GC, all H. pylori-infected patients should be treated (Sugano et al., 2015; Malfertheiner et al., 2017; Sugano, 2019).

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) refers to RNA that does not encode protein, which has been divided into long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and short ncRNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs), PiWi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and heterochromatin-derived 24nt small RNA in plants according to their length. These RNAs are derived from genomic transcription, but they are not translated into proteins; and they play their respective biological roles at the RNA level. Among these RNAs, lncRNA, miRNA, and some special small ncRNAs (sncRNAs) are mainly involved in the progress of H. pylori-induced GC. LncRNA is an ncRNA that is greater than 200 nucleotides in length. It has many known functions, including transcriptional interference, regulation of alternative splicing, generation of endogenous siRNA, regulation of protein activity, and alteration of protein positioning (Wilusz et al., 2009). In addition, many studies have shown that lncRNA is more tissue-specific than mRNA, indicating that it is also closely related to the function of the tissue (Ransohoff et al., 2018). MiRNA is a non-coding 18- to 24-nucleotide RNA that regulates gene expression at the mRNA level. Mature miRNA can directly bind to the 3′UTR region of the target gene to rapidly degrade mRNA or inhibit protein expression (Bartel, 2004; Acunzo et al., 2015; Shomali et al., 2017).

This review mainly summarizes the mechanism of ncRNA in H. pylori-infected GC. H. pylori infection modulates expression of ncRNA and changes the expression of related target genes. Their impact on tumor progression and drug resistance treatment has been categorized and summarized, and a new perspective for clinical treatment is provided.

Helicobacter Pylori Plays a Vital Role in Gastric Cancer

The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori presents large regional differences worldwide, which is related to factors such as geography and basic health conditions. H. pylori survival is facilitated in an acidic environment, and it colonizes in the gastric mucosa by virtue of its spiral shape, exercise ability, adhesion factors, and urease and ammonia production, subsequently producing a complex inflammatory response, damaging the gastric mucosa, and subsequently producing digestive diseases via the expression of various pathogenic markers such as cytotoxin-related gene A (CagA), BabA adhesin, and empty vesicular toxin (VacA) (Backert et al., 2017). Flagellar movement and various adhesion factors (AlpA/B, BabA, OipA, SabA, and HopQ) promote H. pylori adhesion to epithelial cells. Urease converts urea into ammonia, making the environment in which bacteria live weakly acidic and thereby reducing the level of intestinal bacteria. VacA produces proteins that are toxic to gastrointestinal epithelial cells (Morello, 1999; Amieva and El-Omar, 2008; Atherton and Blaser, 2009; Safaralizadeh et al., 2017; Su et al., 2019). The virulence factor CagA is involved in various signal transduction processes (Pachathundikandi et al., 2013). All these determine the importance of H. pylori in GC.

Non-Coding RNA Influences the Progression and Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer

Small RNA

Small ncRNAs produced by bacteria are classified as sRNAs, which exert their heterogeneity in a eubacterial environment. The length of sRNA ranges from 50 to 250 nucleotides, and its effect on biological process and its target genes have been identified by various methods in vitro and in vivo (Vogel and Wagner, 2007; Sharma and Vogel, 2009). The present mechanism displays a binding function to protein or an antisense RNA role on trans-encoded mRNAs, in which the latter usually shows translation inhibition or activation through imperfect complementarity between sRNA and its targets, modulating the stability and/or accessibility on the translational machinery (Majdalani et al., 2005; Livny and Waldor, 2007). The sRNAs have also been reported to participate in acid resistance in Escherichia coli (Opdyke et al., 2004; Tramonti et al., 2008), virulence of pathogens (Geissmann et al., 2006; Romby et al., 2006), and iron homeostasis (Chen and Crosa, 1996; Dühring et al., 2006). Helicobacter pylori also produced sRNAs that participate in the progression of GC. A large number of sRNAs were found in an analysis of H. pylori primary transcriptome study (Rieder et al., 2012). Reports show that bacterial Sm-like protein Hfq is necessary for effective function of sRNA (Valentin-Hansen et al., 2004). However, Hfq, an RNA molecular chaperone, is absent in H. pylori. By facilitating the pairing of small RNAs with their target mRNAs, Hfq can affect translation and turnover rates of specific transcripts and contribute to complex posttranscriptional networks (Vogel and Luisi, 2011). Thus, H. pylori was previously thought to lack ribosomal regulation (Mitarai et al., 2007). Because of the lack of Hfq in H. pylori, two methods were designed to identify other auxiliary proteins in sRNA-mediated regulation, and RNA–protein interactions were identified between ribosomal protein S1 and various mRNA and sRNA of H. pylori, which confirmed that H. pylori can control their gene expression via ribosomal regulation (Rieder et al., 2012). The identification of H. pylori sRNA and the mechanism of ribose regulation have potential effects on the virulence mechanism and stress response (Pernitzsch and Sharma, 2012), which may be associated with the development of GC.

The HP0165–HP0166 two-component system (TCS) in H. pylori participates in the increased expression of urease genes, while whether the increased activity of urease is beneficial or harmful to organism is determined by the presence or absence of acid in the stomach (Clyne et al., 1995; Meyer-Rosberg et al., 1996; Pflock et al., 2004, 2005). HP0165 is the membrane sensor, while HP0166 is its response regulator. For survival and colonization on the gastric surface, H. pylori regulated TCS to change urease activity according to the different intragastric pH values (Wen et al., 2006). A novel cis-encoded antisense sRNA, identified as 5′ureB-sRNA, downregulates ureAB expression by enhancing transcription termination of 5′ region of ureB, which validates through an in vitro transcription assay (Wen et al., 2013). However, HP0165–HP0166 TCS negatively regulates expression of 5′ureB-sRNA to increase ureAB expression at low pH values and enhances 5′ureB-sRNA to decrease ureAB expression and to decrease urease activity at high pH values (Wen et al., 2011).

CncR1, a rich and conserved sRNA encoded by the virulence-associated cag pathogenicity island (cag-PAI) of H. pylori, interacts with the fliK mRNA and downregulates bacterial motility and adhesion ability, significantly impairing bacterial adhesion to host gastric cell lines (Vannini et al., 2016). The sRNA RepG (Regulator of polymeric G-repeats) in H. pylori was also found to directly target a variable homopolymeric G-repeat in the leader of the TlpB chemotaxis receptor mRNA, which contains simple sequence repeats (SSRs) (Pernitzsch et al., 2014). Phase variation in hypermutable SSRs contributes to host adaptation of bacterial pathogens. In this way, sRNA may ensure the survival of H. pylori in the human body, leading to severe disease. In fact, many features of the sRNA are unknown and worth exploring, as they may have important implications for H. pylori-induced GC.

Helicobacter pylori not only plays a role via its own nosotoxin but also participates in the homeostasis regulation of intestinal flora, and H. pylori eradication treatment has a significant effect on the change in intestinal flora (Zhang et al., 2016). For example, after the application of PPI for H. pylori eradication treatment, the abundance of streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and micrococci in the intestinal flora increased while clostridia decreased (Freedberg et al., 2015). A schematic diagram of the pathogenic mechanism of H. pylori is shown (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1

Long Non-coding RNA

The Mechanism of Long Non-coding RNAs in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer

Polymorphisms in lncRNAs have been reported to influence the splicing and stability of mRNA (Burd et al., 2010; Chung et al., 2011), and the special region known as the “gene desert” was discovered to participate in prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and H. pylori-infected GC (Tomlinson et al., 2007; Ghoussaini et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2010; He et al., 2017). A case–control study revealed that rs16901946 of prostate cancer ncRNA 1 (PRNCR1) was associated with GC risk, which could be increased by H. pylori infection. Another case–control study showed that LINC00673 rs11655237 with GG genotype was more susceptible to H. pylori infection.

Based on the database analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed, and four lncRNAs (LINC01254, LINC01287, LINC01524, and U95743.1) showed higher expression in H. pylori infection-positive GC patients, and the results were validated by real-time PCR. In contrast, microarray analysis showed different results, in which 23 lncRNAs were upregulated and 21 downregulated [such as lncRNA NR_026827 (Zhong et al., 2018)] in H. pylori-infected GES-1 gastric epithelial cell, and some of the results were also found by PCR (Yang et al., 2015; Polakovicova et al., 2018). Among them, a recent network analysis showed that RP11-169F17.1 and RP11-669N7.2 were related to H. pylori infection-induced gastritis, as their targets showed great overlap with H. pylori-infection associated genes (Yang and Song, 2019). Seven upregulated and 17 downregulated lncRNAs were found using GSE5081 and GSE66229 (Zhang et al., 2020). LINC00152 and H19 were previously shown to be significantly upregulated in GC patients’ blood samples and cancer tissues, which was validated to be a risk factor in the diagnosis and prognosis of GC with H. pylori infection (Pang et al., 2014; Yang T. et al., 2016).

Regarding the underlying mechanism, the lncRNA–RNA network was constructed based on the profiling of H. pylori-infected GES-1 cells, for which a concrete example is the downregulation of MUC2 by lncRNA AF147447 to suppress cell proliferation and invasion in the H. pylori-infection background (Zhu et al., 2015; Zhou et al., 2016). According to the RNA-seq analysis of H. pylori-infected AGS cells, THAP domain-containing nine antisense RNA 1 (THAP9-AS1) was found to be induced by H. pylori infection and to promote the migration and proliferation of GC cells (Jia et al., 2019). The expression level of lnc-SGK1 was elevated as a consequence of H. pylori infection and a high-salt diet. Lnc-SGK1 increases the transcription of SGK1 in a cis-regulatory manner, which activates JunB and disrupts T helper cell differentiation (Yao et al., 2016). The results of lncRNA were mainly derived from database analysis, and there was a lack of clinical studies.

Long Non-coding RNAs Influence the Drug Resistance and Prognosis of Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer

Chemotherapy can achieve a certain effect on the treatment of GC, but the acquisition of drug resistance will lead to the failure of chemotherapy in GC patients. Although the mechanism of anticancer drug resistance has been extensively studied, its specific mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that ncRNA plays a regulatory role in the generation and maintenance of drug resistance. Cisplatin is a commonly used drug in the treatment of GC (Zheng et al., 2017), but its resistance has been found to be closely related to ncRNA. It is reported that lncRNA BCAR4 expression was enhanced in cisplatin-resistant cell strain SGC7901/DDP. And the drug resistance of cell strains was positively correlated with the expression level of BCAR4 (Wang L. et al., 2017). And it was found that the removal of lncRNA ANRIL inhibited the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in GC cells (Lan et al., 2016). At present, many ncRNAs have been found to play a regulatory role in chemotherapy resistance of GC, and even some ncRNAs play a relatively key role. Therefore, ncRNAs can be used to be a kind of candidate drugs to develop new molecular targeted therapy strategies or reverse the resistance of GC cells to chemotherapy.

Besides, lncRNA is also related to prognosis of GC. Researchers found that the knockdown of lncRNA CASC19 inhibited proliferation and migration of GC cells in vitro. And their multivariate Cox analysis confirmed that CASC19 overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (Wang et al., 2019). A set of 24-lncRNAs significantly associated with disease-free survival (DFS) was even established and used to improve prognosis prediction of GC (Zhu et al., 2016). Actually, miRNAs have been studied for much longer than lncRNAs. And at the same time, there are more research results.

MicroRNA

The Mechanism of MicroRNAs in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer

From the perspective of polymorphism, miR-27a rs895819 and H. pylori have shown an interaction effect in gastric carcinogenesis (Xu et al., 2017). In contrast, miR-124a, miR-34b, and miR-34c have been reported to be downregulated in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa, and miR-124a downregulation is associated with CpG hypermethylation of the miR-124a3 locus and higher IL-8 expression (Tahara et al., 2019).Additionally, miR-124 downregulation leads to elevated expression of spermine oxidase (SMOX) as it directly binds directly to the 3′UTR of SMOX mRNA, and this process can be reversed by 5-azacytidine (Murray-Stewart et al., 2016). H. pylori eradication induces decreased methylation (p < 0.01) and increased expression (p = 0.03) of miR-133a (Hyun Lim et al., 2018). MiR-204 is upregulated in GC compared with H. pylori-positive gastritis (p < 0.004) (Kuo et al., 2019). Other examples about phenotype changes associated with miRNA in H. pylori-infected GC have been mentioned in Table 1.

Based on the mechanism, the change in miRNA expression is closely related to H. pylori-produced virulence factors. MiR-34a was found to be significantly reduced in the H. pylori + GC group by rTip-α (a toxin secreted by H. pylori), while its overexpression decreased the level of TLP4, TNF-α, and IL-6. Viability was enhanced by rTip-α but decreased by miR-34a, which induces cell proliferation (Wang et al., 2018). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from H. pylori activates sp1 to increase MDM2 expression, while MDM2 represses p63 to inhibit Dicer, leading to inhibition of miR-106b and miR-375. JAK1 and STAT3 are downstream target genes of miR-106b (Ye et al., 2015). MiR-134 targets FoxM1 (Forkhead box protein M1) to suppress the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of GC cell, while H. pylori_CagA+/P+ [CagA and penicillin-binding protein 1A (PBP1A) mutation-positive] infection suppresses miR-134 expression when compared with H. pylori_CagA+/P– tissues (Huang et al., 2019). The miR-155 was found to be upregulated by CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) from H. pylori, and it can restrict KLF4 (Krüppel-like transcription factor) expression to promote EMT and tumor growth (Ou et al., 2019).

Many signaling pathways are involved in the regulation between H. pylori infection and miRNA. H. pylori infection causes activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which leads to miR-7 downregulation, while miR-7 targets the IκB kinase IKKε to repress RELA activation. In return IKKε and RELA repress miR-7. Thus, the repression of RELA and FOS is released, and cell proliferation and tumorigenesis are promoted (Zhao et al., 2015). H. pylori infection activates NF-κB, increases IL-6 secretion, and promotes AP-1 and STAT3, which induce transcription of miR-21; and it plays an oncogenic role in cancer development, including proliferation, migration, and apoptosis (Zhang et al., 2008; Belair et al., 2009; Ma and Tao, 2012). MiR-21 activates COX2, which participates in preneoplastic gastric lesions that are resistant to apoptosis (Shukla et al., 2016). MiR-3178 decreases the expression of TRAF3, TNF-α, and IL-6, accompanied by the inhibition of NF-κB signals, while H. pylori infection presents Tip-α to inhibit miR-3178 expression, thus activating the NF-κB signal and promoting inflammation and carcinogenesis (Zou et al., 2017). NF-κB is also involved in the upregulation of miR-223-3p by binding to the promoter of primary miR-223-3p. H. pylori infection promotes FZD7 (Frizzled 7) expression, which is an important coreceptor in the WNT signaling pathway, promoting cell proliferation, while miR-27b targets the 3′UTR of FZD7 to suppress FZD7 expression in GC (Geng et al., 2016). Double-stranded miR-30a is transformed to two single-stranded miRNAs, including miR-30a-3p and miR-30a-5p. The former regulates β-catenin nuclear translocation by inhibiting COX2, while the latter targets BCL9 to regulate TCF/LEF promoter activity. In H. pylori-infected GC, miR-30a plays a tumor suppressor role in cancer development (Liu et al., 2017). H. pylori infection in GC increases the level of miR-99b, which inhibits mTOR expression to upregulate autophagy, inducing intracellular H. pylori elimination and cell death (Yang L. et al., 2018).

However, there are also reports that miR-146 and miR-let-7 are significantly downregulated in H. pylori-infected GC (Ranjbar et al., 2018). MiR-146a acts as a tumor suppressor, as it reduces the expression of pro-metastatic genes like L1CAM and ROCK1 (Shomali et al., 2019). Some miRNAs have their own target genes and regulate the progression of GC at various time points. MiR-152 and miR-200b inhibit B7-H1 [a member of the B7 costimulatory family of molecules that bind to programmed death-1 (PD-1) and play a critical immunoregulatory role in the cell-mediated immune response] expression by binding to its 3′UTR, while H. pylori infection inhibits the ability of the miRNA to promote B7-H1 expression (Xie et al., 2017). H. pylori infection in GC tissue promotes miR-222-3p expression, decreasing the levels of its target HIPK2 (homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2) and thus promoting proliferation and invasion and inhibiting apoptosis (Tan et al., 2018). Another analysis showed no significant difference in the expression of miR-222 between H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative GC tissues (Noormohammad et al., 2016). H. pylori infection leads to miR-328 downregulation and CD44v9 (CD44, variant 9) upregulation, and this upregulation can enhance reactive oxygen species resistance to prevent cell death (Ishimoto et al., 2015). Clinical statistical analysis showed that miR-375 downregulation and upregulation of its target JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) were associated with H. pylori infection in patients with GC (p < 0.05) (Chen B. et al., 2017). MiR-375 is regarded as an inhibitor of H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis by inhibiting the expression of lncRNA SOX2OT (SOX2 overlapping transcript) and SOX2, a master regulator of the pluripotency of cancer stem cells (Shafiee et al., 2016). MiR-375 regulates the JAK2–STAT3 pathway, which affects BCL2 and TWIST1 expression to promote neoplastic transformation (Miao et al., 2014). A special miRNA requiring attention in H. pylori infection is the elevation of miR-30d expression, which enhances H. pylori intracellular survival via downregulation of the autophagy pathway (validated by several genes like ATG2B and BECN1) (Yang X. et al., 2016) (summarized in Table 2).

MicroRNAs Influence the Drug Resistance of Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer

Many miRNAs are also related to drug resistance and impact the treatment of GC. Early H. pylori eradication and aspirin use have been suggested to prevent development of the intestinal metaplasia in GC (Wang et al., 2019), while miR-21, 155, and 233 have been suggested to have a positive correlation with H. pylori infection to spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) (Hyun Lim et al., 2018). H. pylori infection elevates miR-21 expression, while COE (Celastrus orbiculatus) inhibits this upregulation. COE upregulates PDCD4 expression by decreasing the methylation of its promoter and inhibits H. pylori-induced inflammation and EMT (Zhu et al., 2019). H. pylori infection enhances miR-135b-5p expression in a TNF-α-induced NF-κB-dependent manner and binds to KLF4 to attenuate its expression. The miRNA suppresses apoptosis and induces cisplatin resistance (Shao et al., 2019). H. pylori infection downregulates miR-141, thus reducing its target KEAP1, which enhances cisplatin resistance (Zhou et al., 2014b). GKN1 suppresses miR-185, which directly targets DNMT1 and EZH2 and exerts an anti-tumor effect together with 5-fluorouracil on tumor cell growth, while H. pylori infection causes GKN1 (Gastrokine 1) downregulation in GC cells (Yoon et al., 2013). H. pylori-infection elevates miR-223 expression, and it targets the 3′UTR of FBXW7 to modulate its expression and the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. Additionally, miR-223 shows cisplatin resistance, which can be reversed by overexpression of FBXW7 (Zhou et al., 2015a). Accompanied by H. pylori infection, CagA induces chemoresistance and CIC (cancer-initiating cell) properties like self-renewal and tumor-initiating capacity, while miR-320a and miR-4496 target β-catenin and ABCG2 (ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, and member 2) at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels to attenuate CagA induction. Furthermore, the combination treatment of miR-320a/-4496 with 5-fluorouracil in an orthotopic mouse model has been shown to attenuate gastric tumorigenesis and metastatic potential (Kang et al., 2017). Rebamipide upregulates miR-320a/-4496 to suppress H. pylori CagA-induced β-catenin and CIC marker gene expression. This treatment could enhance sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs (Kang et al., 2016). It was found that the expression of miR-320a was downregulated in GC cells, and the sensitivity of GC cells to DDP was enhanced by directly regulating to ADAM10 (Ge et al., 2017). And miR-29b can enhance the sensitivity of GC cell by directly targeting PI3K/Akt pathway (Chen et al., 2015). In addition, the low expression of miR-125b (Zhang et al., 2017), miR-181a (Zhao et al., 2016), miR-22 (Qian et al., 2017), and so on was found to be associated with DDP resistance in GC. On the other hand, the development of MDR is also a key cause of treatment failure in GC, and it was found UCA could increase MDR of GC by directly downregulating miR-27b (Fang et al., 2016) (summarized in Table 3).

Several miRNAs have been found to be biomarkers for the prognosis of GC. MiR-490-3p is downregulated in H. pylori-positive GC and is significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (Qu et al., 2017). According to microarrays and RT-PCR, miR-145 is downregulated and miR-194 is upregulated significantly in H. pylori-positive GC (Demiryas et al., 2019). Urinary miR-6807-5p and miR-6856-5p perform as biomarkers when combined with H. pylori infection (ACU = 0.885) in the detection of GC (Iwasaki et al., 2019). The mechanism remains unclear. It may provide doctors with another way to quickly detect GC in the future.

Conclusion

There are presently many reports on the mechanism of ncRNAs in relation to GC, but research on the mechanism related to Helicobacter pylori infection has not attracted sufficient attention. For instance, GClnc1 (GC-associated lncRNA 1) has been regarded as a modular scaffold of WDR45 and KAT2A histone modifiers. It can regulate the localization and histone modification of SOD2. GClnc1 shows a strong correlation with the carcinogenesis, invasion, growth, and prognosis of GC. Another is clinical analysis showed that 78% of GC patients with higher GClnc1 expression are H. pylori-infected. The mechanism underlying the interaction between H. pylori and GClnc1 merits further exploration (Sun et al., 2016).

Most current research mainly shows the correlation and interaction (promotion or interference) of ncRNA in H. pylori-infected GC. H. pylori infection in GC causes expression changes in miRNAs or lncRNAs, while miRNAs and lncRNAs can interact with each other. Another miRNA in turn affects the efficiency of H. pylori infection. Data analysis has mainly been derived from clinical data, databases, or sequencing or array analyses of H. pylori-infected normal gastric epithelial cells. In this case, a large number of research targets are obtained, but there remains a lack of further clarification of the specific molecular mechanism, which needs to be further confirmed and evaluated in animal models or in vitro experiments to provide more reliable evidence for clinical treatment. Concurrently, in analyses of clinical data, focusing on the correlation and interaction between ncRNA and various H. pylori virulence factors also provides a good perspective. Array and database analyses have provided large amounts of data, but they need to be further confirmed and analyzed, a stage of research that is still in the preliminary phases. NcRNA plays a very important role in the progression of H. pylori-infected GC. It can not only affect the chemotherapy resistance of GC but also serve as a biomarker for the prognosis of GC. As a new type of ncRNA, circRNA has been found to have the potential as a prognostic biomarker for GC (Shan et al., 2019). For example, the expression of hsa_circ_0001649 in GC was significantly lower than that in paired non-tumor tissues. What is more, compared with preoperative plasma samples, the expression level of hsa_circ_0001649 was upregulated after surgery, suggesting that hsa_circ_0001649 may be a follow-up indicator for GC patients after surgery (Li et al., 2017). And CircPVT1 levels were observed to be independent prognostic indicators of overall survival and DFS in GC patients (Chen J. et al., 2017). At present, ncRNAs including circRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs have the potential to be used as prognostic biomarkers for GC, and previous studies have shown that many ncRNAs can accurately predict the prognosis of patients, which is of great significance to both doctors and patients. However, more work and efforts are still needed to be done for clinical application. Actually, we can found that ncRNA has been studied much longer than lncRNAs, and its experimental technique is more mature. And at the same time, there are more research results. But it could not prove that miRNA plays a more important role than lncRNAs in H. pylori-infected GC. The mechanism about lncRNAs still needs to be explored. And there are many kinds of ncRNAs in which their function has not been discovered in H. pylori-infected GC, and it would be a very promising research direction in the field of biomedicine.

References

• 1

  AcunzoM.RomanoG.WernickeD.CroceC. M. (2015). MicroRNA and cancer–a brief overview.Adv. Biol. Regul.571–9. 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.09.013

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 2

  AmievaM. R.El-OmarE. M. (2008). Host-bacterial interactions in Helicobacter pylori infection.Gastroenterology134306–323. 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.009

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 3

  AthertonJ. C.BlaserM. J. (2009). Coadaptation of Helicobacter pylori and humans: ancient history, modern implications.J. Clin. Invest.1192475–2487. 10.1172/JCI38605

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 4

  BackertS.NeddermannM.MaubachG.NaumannM. (2017). Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection.Helicobacter2119–25. 10.1111/hel.12335

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 5

  BartelD. P. (2004). MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function.Cell116281–297. 10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00045-5

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 6

  BelairC.DarfeuilleF.StaedelC. (2009). Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: possible role of microRNAs in this intimate relationship.Clin. Microbiol. Infect.15806–812. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02960.x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 7

  BlaserM. J.AthertonJ. C. (2004). Helicobacter pylori persistence: biology and disease.J. Clin. Invest.113321–333. 10.1172/JCI20925

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 8

  BurdC. E.JeckW. R.LiuY.SanoffH. K.WangZ.SharplessN. E. (2010). Expression of linear and novel circular forms of an INK4/ARF-associated non-coding RNA correlates with atherosclerosis risk.PLoS Genet.6:e1001233. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001233

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 9

  ChenB.GuoS.YuZ.FengY.HuiL. (2017). Downregulation of microRNA-375, combined with upregulation of its target gene Janus kinase 2, predicts unfavorable prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol.1011106–11113.

  • Google Scholar

• 10

  ChenD.FengL.YeR.HeY.WangY. (2015). MiR-29b Reduces Cisplatin Resistance of Gastric Cancer Cell by Targeting PI3K/Akt Pathway.Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao37514–519. 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2015.05.005

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 11

  ChenJ.LiY.ZhengQ.BaoC.HeJ.ChenB.et al (2017). Circular RNA profile identifies circPVT1 as a proliferative factor and prognostic marker in gastric cancer.Cancer Lett.388208–219. 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.006

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 12

  ChenP.GuoH.WuX.LiJ.DuanX.BaQ.et al (2019). Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-204 by Helicobacter pylori augments the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in gastric cancer development and progression.Carcinogenesis41430–441. 10.1093/carcin/bgz143

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 13

  ChenQ.CrosaJ. H. (1996). Antisense RNA, fur, iron, and the regulation of iron transport genes in Vibrio anguillarum.J. Biol. Chem.27118885–18891. 10.1074/jbc.271.31.18885

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 14

  ChoC. H.YuJ.WuW. (2016). Identification of pathogenic microRNAs in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer using a combined approach of animal study and clinical sample analysis.Hong Kong Med. J.613–18.

  • Google Scholar

• 15

  ChoiI. J.KookM. C.KimY. I.ChoS. J.LeeJ. Y.KimC. G.et al (2018). Helicobacter pylori Therapy for the Prevention of Metachronous Gastric Cancer.N. Engl. J. Med.3781085–1095. 10.1056/NEJMoa1708423

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 16

  ChoiJ. M.KimS. G.YangH.LimJ. H.ChoN.KimW.et al (2020). Helicobacter pylori Eradication Can Reverse the Methylation-Associated Regulation of miR-200a/b in Gastric Carcinogenesis.Gut Liver14571–580. 10.5009/gnl19299

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 17

  ChungS.NakagawaH.UemuraM.PiaoL.AshikawaK.HosonoN. (2011). Association of a novel long non-coding RNA in 8q24 with prostate cancer susceptibility.Cancer Sci.102245–252. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01737.x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 18

  ClyneM.LabigneA.DrummB. (1995). Helicobacter pylori requires an acidic environment to survive in the presence of urea.Infect. Immun.631669–1673. 10.1128/IAI.63.5.1669-1673.199

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 19

  DattaC.SubuddhiA.KumarM.LepchaT. T.ChakrabortyS.JanaK.et al (2018). Genome-wide mRNA-miRNA profiling uncovers a role of the microRNA miR-29b-1-5p/PHLPP1 signalling pathway in Helicobacter pylori-driven matrix metalloproteinase production in gastric epithelial cells.Cell Microbiol.20:e12859. 10.1111/cmi.12859

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 20

  DemiryasS.KocazeybekB.DemirciM.CaliskanR.KepilN.UysalH.et al (2019). Helicobacter pylori-miRNA interaction in gastric cancer tissues: first prospective study from Turkey.New Microbiol.42210–220.

  • Google Scholar

• 21

  DühringU.AxmannI. M.HessW. R.WildeA. (2006). An internal antisense RNA regulates expression of the photosynthesis gene isiA.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.1037054–7058. 10.1073/pnas.0600927103

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 22

  FangQ.ChenX. Y.ZhiX. (2016). Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) Urothelial Carcinoma Associated 1 (UCA1) Increases Multi-Drug Resistance of Gastric Cancer via Downregulating miR-27b.Med. Sci. Monit.223506–3513. 10.12659/msm.900688

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 23

  FengY.WangL.ZengJ.ShenL.LiangX.YuH.et al (2013). FoxM1 is overexpressed in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis and is negatively regulated by miR-370.Mol. Cancer Res.11834–844. 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-13-0007

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 24

  FerlayJ.ColombetM.SoerjomataramI.MathersC.ParkinD. M.PiñerosM.et al (2019). Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods.Int. J. Cancer1441941–1953. 10.1002/ijc.31937

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 25

  FreedbergD. E.ToussaintN. C.ChenS. P.RatnerA. J.WhittierS.WangT. C. (2015). Proton Pump Inhibitors Alter Specific Taxa in the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiome: a Crossover Trial.Gastroenterology149883–5.e9. 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.06.043

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 26

  GeX.CuiH.ZhouY.YinD.FengY.XinQ.et al (2017). MiR-320a modulates cell growth and chemosensitivity via regulating ADAM10 in gastric cancer.Mol. Med. Rep.169664–9670. 10.3892/mmr.2017.7819

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 27

  GeissmannT.PossedkoM.HuntzingerE.FechterP.EhresmannC.RombyP. (2006). Regulatory RNAs as mediators of virulence gene expression in bacteria.Handb. Exp. Pharmacol.1739–43. 10.1007/3-540-27262-3_2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 28

  GengY.LuX.WuX.XueL.WangX.XuJ.et al (2016). MicroRNA-27b suppresses Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric tumorigenesis through negatively regulating Frizzled7.Oncol. Rep.352441–2450. 10.3892/or.2016.4572

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 29

  GhoussainiM.SongH.KoesslerT.OlamaA.Kote-JaraiZ.DriverK. E. (2008). Multiple loci with different cancer specificities within the 8q24 gene desert.J. Natl. Cancer Inst.100962–966. 10.1093/jnci/djn190

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 30

  HayashiY.TsujiiM.WangJ.KondoJ.AkasakaT.JinY.et al (2013). CagA mediates epigenetic regulation to attenuate let-7 expression in Helicobacter pylori-related carcinogenesis.Gut621536–1546. 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301625

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 31

  HeB.SunH.XuT.PanY.LinK.GaoT. (2017). Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in the LncRNAs with Gastric Cancer Risk in a Chinese Population.J. Cancer8531–536. 10.7150/jca.17519

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 32

  Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group [HCCG] (2001). Collaborative G. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts.Gut49347–353. 10.1136/gut.49.3.347

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 33

  HuangL.WangZ.PanD. (2019). Penicillinbinding protein 1A mutationpositive Helicobacter pylori promotes epithelialmesenchymal transition in gastric cancer via the suppression of microRNA134.Int. J. Oncol.54916–928. 10.3892/ijo.2018.4665

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 34

  Hyun LimJ.KimS. G.ChoiJ. M.YangH.KimJ. S.JungH. C.et al (2018). Helicobacter pylori Is Associated with miR-133a Expression through Promoter Methylation in Gastric Carcinogenesis.Gut Liver1258–66. 10.5009/gnl17263

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 35

  IshimotoT.IzumiD.WatanabeM.YoshidaN.HidakaK.MiyakeK.et al (2015). Chronic inflammation with Helicobacter pylori infection is implicated in CD44 overexpression through miR-328 suppression in the gastric mucosa.J. Gastroenterol.50751–757. 10.1007/s00535-014-1019-y

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 36

  IsomotoH.MatsushimaK.InoueN.HayashiT.NakayamaT.KunizakiM.et al (2012). Interweaving microRNAs and proinflammatory cytokines in gastric mucosa with reference to H. pylori infection.J. Clin. Immunol.32290–299. 10.1007/s10875-011-9626-3

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 37

  IwasakiH.ShimuraT.YamadaT.OkudaY.NatsumeM.KitagawaM.et al (2019). A novel urinary microRNA biomarker panel for detecting gastric cancer.J. Gastroenterol.541061–1069. 10.1007/s00535-019-01601-w

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 38

  JiaW.ZhangJ.MaF.HaoS.LiX.GuoR.et al (2019). Long noncoding RNA THAP9-AS1 is induced by Helicobacter pylori and promotes cell growth and migration of gastric cancer.Onco Targets Ther.126653–6663. 10.2147/OTT.S201832

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 39

  KangD. W.NohY. N.HwangW. C.ChoiK.MinD. S. (2016). Rebamipide attenuates Helicobacter pylori CagA-induced self-renewal capacity via modulation of beta-catenin signaling axis in gastric cancer-initiating cells.Biochem. Pharmacol.11336–44. 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.06.003

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 40

  KangD. W.YangE. S.NohY. N.HwangW. C.JoS.SuhY.et al (2017). MicroRNA-320a and microRNA-4496 attenuate Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA)-induced cancer-initiating potential and chemoresistance by targeting beta-catenin and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G, member 2.J. Pathol.241614–625. 10.1002/path.4866

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 41

  KigaK.MimuroH.SuzukiM.Shinozaki-UshikuA.KobayashiT.SanadaT.et al (2014). Epigenetic silencing of miR-210 increases the proliferation of gastric epithelium during chronic Helicobacter pylori infection.Nat. Commun.5:4497. 10.1038/ncomms5497

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 42

  KuoH.ChangW.YehY.ChengH.TsaiY.WuC.et al (2019). Spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia associated with higher expressions of miR-21, 155, and 223 can be regressed by Helicobacter pylori eradication in the gastric cancer familial relatives.Helicobacter24:e12578. 10.1111/hel.12578

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 43

  LanW. G.XuD.XuC.DingC.NingF. L.ZhouY.et al (2016). Silencing of long non-coding RNA ANRIL inhibits the development of multidrug resistance in gastric cancer cells.Oncol Rep.36263–270. 10.3892/or.2016.4771

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 44

  LiN.WangJ.YuW.DongK.YouF.SiB.et al (2019). MicroRNA146a inhibits the inflammatory responses induced by interleukin17A during the infection of Helicobacter pylori.Mol. Med. Rep.191388–1395. 10.3892/mmr.2018.9725

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 45

  LiP.ShanJ.ChenX.ZhangD.SuL.HuangX.et al (2015). Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-149 in cancer-associated fibroblasts mediates prostaglandin E2/interleukin-6 signaling in the tumor microenvironment.Cell Res.25588–603. 10.1038/cr.2015.51

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 46

  LiQ.WangN.WeiH.LiC.WuJ.YangG. (2016). MiR-24-3p Regulates Progression of Gastric Mucosal Lesions and Suppresses Proliferation and Invasiveness of N87 Via Peroxiredoxin 6.Dig. Dis. Sci.613486–3497. 10.1007/s10620-016-4309-9

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 47

  LiS.LiangX.MaL.ShenL.LiT.ZhengL.et al (2018). MiR-22 sustains NLRP3 expression and attenuates H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis.Oncogene37884–896. 10.1038/onc.2017.381

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 48

  LiW.SongY.ZhangH.ZhouZ.XieX.ZengQ.et al (2017). Decreased Expression of Hsa_circ_00001649 in Gastric Cancer and Its Clinical Significance.Dis. Markers20171–6.

  • Google Scholar

• 49

  LiuW.SongN.YaoH.ZhaoL.LiuH.LiG. (2015). MiR-221 and miR-222 Simultaneously Target RECK and Regulate Growth and Invasion of Gastric Cancer Cells.Med. Sci. Monit.212718–2725. 10.12659/MSM.894324

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 50

  LiuX.JiQ.ZhangC.LiuX.LiuY.LiuN.et al (2017). MiR-30a acts as a tumor suppressor by double-targeting COX-2 and BCL9 in H. pylori gastric cancer models.Sci. Rep.7:7113. 10.1038/s41598-017-07193-w

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 51

  LivnyJ.WaldorM. K. (2007). Identification of small RNAs in diverse bacterial species.Curr. Opin. Microbiol.1096–101. 10.1016/j.mib.2007.03.005

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 52

  MaL.ChenY.ZhangB.LiuG. (2014). Increased microRNA-223 in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer contributed to cancer cell proliferation and migration.Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.78602–608. 10.1080/09168451.2014.895661

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 53

  MaY.TaoH. (2012). Microribonucleic acids and gastric cancer.Cancer Sci.103620–625. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02185.x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 54

  MajdalaniN.VanderpoolC. K.GottesmanS. (2005). Bacterial small RNA regulators.Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol.4093–113. 10.1080/10409230590918702

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 55

  MalfertheinerP.MegraudF.O’MorainC. A.GisbertJ. P.KuipersE. J.AxonA. T.et al (2017). Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report.Gut666–30. 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312288

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 56

  MeraR. M.BravoL. E.CamargoM. C.BravoJ. C.DelgadoA. G.Romero-GalloJ.et al (2018). Dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection as a determinant of progression of gastric precancerous lesions: 16-year follow-up of an eradication trial.Gut671239–1246. 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311685

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 57

  Meyer-RosbergK.ScottD. R.RexD.MelchersK.SachsG. (1996). The effect of environmental pH on the proton motive force of Helicobacter pylori.Gastroenterology111886–900. 10.1016/s0016-5085(96)70056-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 58

  MiaoL.LiuK.XieM.XingY.XiT. (2014). MiR-375 inhibits Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis by blocking JAK2-STAT3 signaling.Cancer Immunol. Immunother.63699–711. 10.1007/s00262-014-1550-y

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 59

  MitaraiN.AnderssonA.KrishnaS.SemseyS.SneppenK. (2007). Efficient degradation and expression prioritization with small RNAs.Phys. Biol.4164–171. 10.1088/1478-3975/4/3/003

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 60

  MorelloJ. A. (1999). Clinical Microbiology Reviews: genesis of a journal.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.12183–186.

  • Google Scholar

• 61

  Murray-StewartT.SierraJ. C.PiazueloM. B.MeraR. M.ChaturvediR.BravoL. E.et al (2016). Epigenetic silencing of miR-124 prevents spermine oxidase regulation: implications for Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer.Oncogene355480–5488. 10.1038/onc.2016.91

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 62

  NoormohammadM.SadeghiS.TabatabaeianH.GhaediK.TalebiA.AzadehM.et al (2016). Upregulation of miR-222 in both Helicobacter pylori- infected and noninfected gastric cancer patients.J. Genet95991–995. 10.1007/s12041-016-0728-9

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 63

  NotoJ. M.PiazueloM. B.ChaturvediR.BartelC. A.ThatcherE. J.DelgadoA.et al (2013). Strain-specific suppression of microRNA-320 by carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori promotes expression of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1.Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.305G786–G796. 10.1152/ajpgi.00279.2013

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 64

  OpdykeJ. A.KangJ.StorzG. (2004). A small-RNA regulator of acid response genes in Escherichia coli.J. Bacteriol.1866698–6705. 10.1128/JB.186.20.6698-6705.2004

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 65

  OuY.RenH.ZhaoR.SongL.LiuZ.XuW.et al (2019). Helicobacter pylori CagA promotes the malignant transformation of gastric mucosal epithelial cells through the dysregulation of the miR-155/KLF4 signaling pathway.Mol. Carcinog.581427–1437. 10.1002/mc.23025

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 66

  PachathundikandiS. K.TegtmeyerN.BackertS. (2013). Signal transduction of Helicobacter pylori during interaction with host cell protein receptors of epithelial and immune cells.Gut Microbes4454–474. 10.4161/gmic.27001

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 67

  PangQ.GeJ.ShaoY.SunW.SongH.XiaT.et al (2014). Increased expression of long intergenic non-coding RNA LINC00152 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance.Tumour Biol.355441–5447. 10.1007/s13277-014-1709-3

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 68

  PernitzschS.SharmaC. M. (2012). Transcriptome complexity and riboregulation in the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori.Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol.2:14. 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00014

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 69

  PernitzschS. R.TirierS. M.BeierD.SharmaC. M. (2014). A variable homopolymeric G-repeat defines small RNA-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of a chemotaxis receptor in Helicobacter pylori.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.111e501–e510. 10.1073/pnas.1315152111

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 70

  PetraC. V.RusA.DumitraşcuD. L. (2017). Gastric microbiota: tracing the culprit.Clujul Med.90369–376. 10.15386/cjmed-854

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 71

  PflockM.DietzP.SchärJ.BeierD. (2004). Genetic evidence for histidine kinase HP165 being an acid sensor of Helicobacter pylori.FEMS Microbiol. Lett.23451–61. 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.03.023

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 72

  PflockM.KennardS.DelanyI.ScarlatoV.BeierD. (2005). Acid-induced activation of the urease promoters is mediated directly by the ArsRS two-component system of Helicobacter pylori.Infect. Immun.736437–6445. 10.1128/IAI.73.10.6437-6445.2005

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 73

  PolakovicovaI.JerezS.WichmannI. A.Sandoval-BórquezA.Carrasco-VélizN.CorvalánA. H. (2018). Role of microRNAs and Exosomes in Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Gastric Cancers.Front. Microbiol.9:636. 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00636

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 74

  QianX.XuW.XuJ.ShiQ.LiJ.WengY.et al (2017). Enolase 1 stimulates glycolysis to promote chemoresistance in gastric cancer.Oncotarget847691–47708. 10.18632/oncotarget.17868

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 75

  QuM.LiL.ZhengW. (2017). Reduced miR-490-3p expression is associated with poor prognosis of Helicobacter pylori induced gastric cancer.Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.213384–3388.

  • Google Scholar

• 76

  RanjbarR.HesariA. R.GhasemiF.SahebkarA. (2018). Expression of microRNAs and IRAK1 pathway genes are altered in gastric cancer patients with Helicobacter pylori infection.J. Cell Biochem.1197570–7576. 10.1002/jcb.27067

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 77

  RansohoffJ.WeiY.KhavariP. A. (2018). The functions and unique features of long intergenic non-coding RNA.Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.19143–157. 10.1038/nrm.2017.104

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 78

  RiederR.ReinhardtR.SharmaC.VogelJ. (2012). Experimental tools to identify RNA-protein interactions in Helicobacter pylori.RNA Biol.9520–531. 10.4161/rna.20331

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 79

  RombyP.VandeneschF.WagnerE. (2006). The role of RNAs in the regulation of virulence-gene expression.Curr. Opin. Microbiol.9229–236. 10.1016/j.mib.2006.02.005

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 80

  SafaralizadehR.DastmalchiN.HosseinpourfeiziM.Latifi-NavidS. (2017). Helicobacter pylori virulence factors in relation to gastrointestinal diseases in Iran.Microb. Pathog.105211–217. 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.02.026

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 81

  SantosJ. C.BriantiM. T.AlmeidaV. R.OrtegaM. M.FischerW.HaasR.et al (2017). Helicobacter pylori infection modulates the expression of miRNAs associated with DNA mismatch repair pathway.Mol. Carcinog.561372–1379. 10.1002/mc.22590

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 82

  ShafieeS. M.AleyasinS. A.MowlaS. J.VaseiM.YazdanparastS. A. (2016). The Effect of MicroRNA-375 Overexpression, an Inhibitor of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Carcinogenesis, on lncRNA SOX2OT.Jundishapur J. Microbiol.9:e23464. 10.5812/jjm.23464

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 83

  ShanC.ZhangY.HaoX.GaoJ.ChenX.WangK. (2019). Biogenesis, functions and clinical significance of circRNAs in gastric cancer.Mol. Cancer18:136. 10.1186/s12943-019-1069-0

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 84

  ShaoL.ChenZ.SouttoM.ZhuS.LuH.Romero-GalloJ.et al (2019). Helicobacter pylori-induced miR-135b-5p promotes cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer.FASEB J.33264–274. 10.1096/fj.201701456RR

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 85

  SharmaC. M.VogelJ. (2009). Experimental approaches for the discovery and characterization of regulatory small RNA.Curr. Opin. Microbiol.12536–546. 10.1016/j.mib.2009.07.00

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 86

  ShenJ.XiaoZ.WuW.WangM. H.ToK. F.ChenY.et al (2015). Epigenetic silencing of miR-490-3p reactivates the chromatin remodeler SMARCD1 to promote Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis.Cancer Res.75754–765. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-1301

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 87

  ShomaliN.MansooriB.MohammadiA.ShirafkanN.GhasabiM.BaradaranB. (2017). MiR-146a functions as a small silent player in gastric cancer.Biomed. Pharmacother.96238–245. 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.138

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 88

  ShomaliN.ShirafkanN.DuijfP.GhasabiM.BabalooZ.YousefiM.et al (2019). Downregulation of miR-146a promotes cell migration in Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer.J. Cell Biochem.1209495–9505. 10.1002/jcb.28225

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 89

  ShuklaS.KhatoonJ.PrasadK. N.RaiR. P.SinghA. K.KumarS.et al (2016). Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) modulates Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in absence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastric cancer.Cytokine77176–179. 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.023

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 90

  SuM.ErwinA. L.CampbellA. M.PyburnT. M.SalayL. E.HanksJ. L. (2019). Cryo-EM Analysis Reveals Structural Basis of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin Oligomerization.J. Mol. Biol.4311956–1965. 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.03.029

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 91

  SuganoK. (2019). Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the incidence of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Gastric Cancer22435–445. 10.1007/s10120-018-0876-0

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 92

  SuganoK.TackJ.KuipersE. J.GrahamD. Y.El-OmarE. M.MiuraS.et al (2015). Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis.Gut641353–1367. 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309252

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 93

  SunF.NiY.ZhuH.FangJ.WangH.XiaJ.et al (2018). MicroRNA-29a-3p, Up-Regulated in Human Gastric Cells and Tissues with H.Pylori Infection, Promotes the Migration of GES-1 Cells via A20-Mediated EMT Pathway.Cell Physiol. Biochem.511250–1263. 10.1159/000495502

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 94

  SunT.HeJ.LiangQ.RenL.YanT.YuT.et al (2016). LncRNA GClnc1 Promotes Gastric Carcinogenesis and May Act as a Modular Scaffold of WDR5 and KAT2A Complexes to Specify the Histone Modification Pattern.Cancer Discov.6784–801. 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-0921

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 95

  SuzukiH.MatsuzakiJ. (2018). Gastric cancer: evidence boosts Helicobacter pylori eradication.Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.15458–460. 10.1038/s41575-018-0023-8

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 96

  TaharaT.TaharaS.HoriguchiN.KawamuraN.OkuboM.NagasakaM.et al (2019). Gastric Mucosal Microarchitectures Associated with Irreversibility with Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Downregulation of Micro RNA (miR)-124a.Cancer Invest.37417–426. 10.1080/07357907.2019.1663207

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 97

  TanX.TangH.BiJ.LiN.JiaY. (2018). MicroRNA-222-3p associated with Helicobacter pylori targets HIPK2 to promote cell proliferation, invasion, and inhibits apoptosis in gastric cancer.J. Cell Biochem.1195153–5162. 10.1002/jcb.26542

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 98

  TomlinsonI.WebbE.Carvajal-CarmonaL.BroderickP.KempZ.SpainS. (2007). A genome-wide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for colorectal cancer at 8q24.21.Nat. Genet.39984–988. 10.1038/ng2085

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 99

  TramontiA.CanioM. D.BiaseD. D. (2008). GadX/GadW-dependent regulation of the Escherichia coli acid fitness island: transcriptional control at the gadY-gadW divergent promoters and identification of four novel 42 bp GadX/GadW-specific binding sites.Mol. Microbiol.70965–982. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06458.x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 100

  Valentin-HansenP.EriksenM.UdesenC. (2004). The bacterial Sm-like protein Hfq: a key player in RNA transactions.Mol. Microbiol.511525–1533. 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2003.03935.x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 101

  VanniniA.RoncaratiD.DanielliA. (2016). The cag-pathogenicity island encoded CncR1 sRNA oppositely modulates Helicobacter pylori motility and adhesion to host cells.Cell Mol. Life Sci.733151–3168. 10.1007/s00018-016-2151-z

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 102

  VogelJ.LuisiB. F. (2011). Hfq and its constellation of RNA.Nat. Rev. Microbiol.9578–589. 10.1038/nrmicro2615

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 103

  VogelJ.WagnerE. (2007). Target identification of small noncoding RNAs in bacteria.Curr. Opin. Microbiol.10262–270. 10.1016/j.mib.2007.06.001

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 104

  WangF.LiuJ.ZouY.JiaoY.HuangY.FanL.et al (2017). MicroRNA-143-3p, up-regulated in H. pylori-positive gastric cancer, suppresses tumor growth, migration and invasion by directly targeting AKT2.Oncotarget828711–28724. 10.18632/oncotarget.15646

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 105

  WangL.ChunyanQ.ZhouY.HeQ.MaY.GaY.et al (2017). BCAR4 increase cisplatin resistance and predicted poor survival in gastric cancer patients.Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.214064–4070.

  • Google Scholar

• 106

  WangW.GuC.LiR.XuZ.YuJ.YeY.et al (2019). Long non-coding RNA CASC19 is associated with the progression and prognosis of advanced gastric cancer.Aging115829–5847. 10.18632/aging.102190

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 107

  WangY.ZhangC.HeX. (2018). Minor allele of rs1057317 polymorphism in TLR4 is associated with increased risk of Helicobacter pylori -induced gastric cancer.J. Cell Biochem.1201969–1978. 10.1002/jcb.27493

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 108

  WatariJ.ItoC.ShimodaT.TomitaT.OshimaT.FukuiH.et al (2019). DNA methylation silencing of microRNA gene methylator in the precancerous background mucosa with and without gastric cancer: analysis of the effects of H. pylori eradication and long-term aspirin use.Sci. Rep.9:12559. 10.1038/s41598-019-49069-1

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 109

  WenY.FengJ.SachsG. (2013). Helicobacter pylori 5′ureB-sRNA, a cis-encoded antisense small RNA, negatively regulates ureAB expression by transcription termination.J. Bacteriol.195444–452. 10.1128/JB.01022-12

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 110

  WenY.FengJ.ScottD. R.MarcusE. A.SachsG. (2006). Involvement of the HP0165-HP0166 two-component system in expression of some acidic-pH-upregulated genes of Helicobacter pylori.J. Bacteriol.1881750–1761. 10.1128/JB.188.5.1750-1761.2006

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 111

  WenY.FengJ.ScottD. R.MarcusE. A.SachsG. (2011). A cis-encoded antisense small RNA regulated by the HP0165-HP0166 two-component system controls expression of ureB in Helicobacter pylori.J. Bacteriol.19340–51. 10.1128/JB.00800-10

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 112

  WiluszJ.SunwooH.SpectorD. (2009). Long noncoding RNAs: functional surprises from the RNA world.Genes Dev.231494–1504. 10.1101/gad.1800909

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 113

  WuK.ZhuC.YaoY.WangX.SongJ.ZhaiJ. (2016). MicroRNA-155-enhanced autophagy in human gastric epithelial cell in response to Helicobacter pylori.Saudi J. Gastroenterol.2230–36. 10.4103/1319-3767.173756

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 114

  WuY.XuQ.HeC.LiY.LiuJ.DengN.et al (2017). Association of Polymorphisms in three pri-miRNAs that Target Pepsinogen C with the Risk and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer.Sci. Rep.7:39528. 10.1038/srep39528

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 115

  XieG.LiW.LiR.WuK.ZhaoE.ZhangY.et al (2017). Helicobacter Pylori Promote B7-H1 Expression by Suppressing miR-152 and miR-200b in Gastric Cancer Cells.PLoS One12:e0168822. 10.1371/journal.pone.0168822

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 116

  XuQ.ChenT.-J.HeC.-Y.SunL. P.LiuJ.-W.YuvanY.et al (2017). MiR-27a rs895819 is involved in increased atrophic gastritis risk, improved gastric cancer prognosis and negative interaction with Helicobacter pylori.Sci. Rep.7:41307. 10.1038/srep41307

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 117

  XuX.ZhangW.LiC. X.GaoH.PeiQ.CaoB.et al (2019). Up-Regulation of MiR-1915 Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer Cells via Targeting RAGE.Yonsei Med. J.6038–47. 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.1.38

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 118

  YangF.XuY.LiuC.MaC.ZouS.XuX.et al (2018). NF-kappaB/miR-223-3p/ARID1A axis is involved in Helicobacter pylori CagA-induced gastric carcinogenesis and progression.Cell Death Dis.9:12. 10.1038/s41419-017-0020-9

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 119

  YangJ.SongH. (2019). Identification of long noncoding RNA RP11-169F17.1 and RP11-669N7.2 as novel prognostic biomarkers of stomach adenocarcinoma based on integrated bioinformatics analysis.Epigenomics111307–1321. 10.2217/epi-2019-0115

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 120

  YangL.LiC.JiaY. (2018). MicroRNA-99b promotes Helicobacter pylori-induced autophagy and suppresses carcinogenesis by targeting mTOR.Oncol. Lett.165355–5360. 10.3892/ol.2018.9269

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 121

  YangL.LongY.LiC.CaoL.GanH.HuangK. (2015). Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA profile in human gastric epithelial cell response to Helicobacter pylori.Jpn. J. Infect. Dis.6863–66. 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2014.149

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 122

  YangT.ZengH.ChenW.ZhengR.ZhangY.LiZ.et al (2016). Helicobacter pylori infection, H19 and LINC00152 expression in serum and risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population.Cancer Epidemiol.44147–153. 10.1016/j.canep.2016.08.015

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 123

  YangX.SiR.LiangY.MaB. Q.JiangZ.WangB.et al (2016). Mir-30d increases intracellular survival of Helicobacter pylori through inhibition of autophagy pathway.World J. Gastroenterol.223978–3991. 10.3748/wjg.v22.i15.3978

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 124

  YangY.LiX.DuJ.YinY.LiY. (2018). Involvement of microRNAs-MMPs-E-cadherin in the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells infected with Helicobacter pylori.Exp. Cell. Res.367196–204. 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.036

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 125

  YaoY.JiangQ.JiangL.WuJ.ZhangQ.WangJ.et al (2016). Lnc-SGK1 induced by Helicobacter pylori infection and highsalt diet promote Th2 and Th17 differentiation in human gastric cancer by SGK1/Jun B signaling.Oncotarget720549–20560. 10.18632/oncotarget.7823

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 126

  YeF.TangC.ShiW.QianJ.XiaoS.GuM.et al (2015). A MDM2-dependent positive-feedback loop is involved in inhibition of miR-375 and miR-106b induced by Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide.Int. J. Cancer1362120–2131. 10.1002/ijc.29268

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 127

  YoonJ. H.ChoiJ.ChoiW. S.AshktorabH.SmootD. T.NamS. W.et al (2013). GKN1-miR-185-DNMT1 axis suppresses gastric carcinogenesis through regulation of epigenetic alteration and cell cycle.Clin. Cancer Res.194599–4610. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3675

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 128

  ZabagliaL. M.SallasM. L.SantosM.OrciniW. A.PeruquettiR. L.ConstantinoD. H.et al (2018). Expression of miRNA-146a, miRNA-155, IL-2, and TNF-α in inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori infection associated with cancer progression.Ann. Hum. Genet.82135–142. 10.1111/ahg.12234

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 129

  ZhangC.ZhiW.LuH.SamantaD.ChenI.GabrielsonE. (2016). Hypoxia-inducible factors regulate pluripotency factor expression by ZNF217- and ALKBH5-mediated modulation of RNA methylation in breast cancer cells.Oncotarget764527–64542. 10.18632/oncotarget.11743

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 130

  ZhangH.AhearnT. U.LecarpentierJ.BarnesD.BeesleyJ.QiG. (2010). Genome-wide association study identifies five new breast cancer susceptibility loci.Nat. Genet.42504–507. 10.1038/s41588-020-0609-2

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 131

  ZhangJ.WeiJ.WangZ.FengF.WeiZ.HouX.et al (2020). Transcriptome hallmarks in Helicobacter pylori infection influence gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma.Epigenomics12661–671. 10.2217/epi-2019-0152

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 132

  ZhangX.YaoJ.GuoK.HuangH.HuaiS.YeR.et al (2017). The functional mechanism of miR-125b in gastric cancer and its effect on the chemosensitivity of cisplatin.Oncotarget92105–2119. 10.18632/oncotarget.23249

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 133

  ZhangY.NotoJ. M.HammondC. E.BarthJ. L.ArgravesW. S.BackertS.et al (2014). Helicobacter pylori-induced posttranscriptional regulation of H-K-ATPase alpha-subunit gene expression by miRNA.Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.306G606–G613. 10.1152/ajpgi.00333.2013

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 134

  ZhangZ.LiZ.GaoC.ChenP.ChenJ.LiuW.et al (2008). MiR-21 plays a pivotal role in gastric cancer pathogenesis and progression.Lab. Invest.881358–1366. 10.1038/labinvest.2008.94

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 135

  ZhaoJ.NieY.WangH.LinY. (2016). MiR-181a suppresses autophagy and sensitizes gastric cancer cells to cisplatin.Gene576828–833. 10.1016/j.gene.2015.11.013

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 136

  ZhaoK.ZhangR.LiT.XiongZ. (2019). Functional variants of lncRNA LINC00673 and gastric cancer susceptibility: a case-control study in a Chinese population.Cancer Manag. Res.113861–3868. 10.2147/CMAR.S187011

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 137

  ZhaoX.LuY.GuoH.XieH.HeJ.ShenG.et al (2015). MicroRNA-7/NF-kappaB signaling regulatory feedback circuit regulates gastric carcinogenesis.J. Cell Biol.210613–627. 10.1083/jcb.201501073

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 138

  ZhengP.ChenL.YuanX.LuoQ.LiuY.XieG.et al (2017). Exosomal transfer of tumor-associated macrophage-derived miR-21 confers cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells.J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res.1336:53. 10.1186/s13046-017-0528-y

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 139

  ZhongF.ZhuM.GaoK.XuP.YangH.HuD. (2018). Low expression of the long non-coding RNA NR_026827 in gastric cancer.Am. J. Transl. Res.102706–2711.

  • Google Scholar

• 140

  ZhouX.ChenH.ZhuL.HaoB.ZhangW.HuaJ.et al (2016). Helicobacter pylori infection related long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) AF147447 inhibits gastric cancer proliferation and invasion by targeting MUC2 and up-regulating miR-34c.Oncotarget782770–82782. 10.18632/oncotarget.13165

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 141

  ZhouX.JinW.JiaH.YanJ.ZhangG. (2015a). MiR-223 promotes the cisplatin resistance of human gastric cancer cells via regulating cell cycle by targeting FBXW7.J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res.34:28. 10.1186/s13046-015-0145-6

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 142

  ZhouX.LiL.SuJ.ZhangG. (2014a). Decreased miR-204 in H. pylori-associated gastric cancer promotes cancer cell proliferation and invasion by targeting SOX4.PLoS One9:e101457. 10.1371/journal.pone.0101457

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 143

  ZhouX.SuJ.ZhuL.ZhangG. (2014b). Helicobacter pylori modulates cisplatin sensitivity in gastric cancer by down-regulating miR-141 expression.Helicobacter19174–181. 10.1111/hel.12120

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 144

  ZhouX.XiaY.LiL.ZhangG. (2015b). MiR-101 inhibits cell growth and tumorigenesis of Helicobacter pylori related gastric cancer by repression of SOCS2.Cancer Biol. Ther.16160–169. 10.4161/15384047.2014.987523

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 145

  ZhuH.WangQ.YaoY.FangJ.SunF.NiY.et al (2015). Microarray analysis of Long non-coding RNA expression profiles in human gastric cells and tissues with Helicobacter pylori Infection.BMC Med. Genomics8:84. 10.1186/s12920-015-0159-0

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 146

  ZhuX.TianX.YuC.ShenC.YanT.HongJ.et al (2016). A long non-coding RNA signature to improve prognosis prediction of gastric cancer.Mol. Cancer15:60. 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.01.016

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 147

  ZhuY.LiuL.HuL.DongW.ZhangM.LiuY.et al (2019). Effect of Celastrus orbiculatus in inhibiting Helicobacter pylori induced inflammatory response by regulating epithelial mesenchymal transition and targeting miR-21/PDCD4 signaling pathway in gastric epithelial cells.BMC Complement. Altern. Med.19:91. 10.1186/s12906-019-2504-x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 148

  ZouM.WangF.JiangA.XiaA.KongS.GongC.et al (2017). MicroRNA-3178 ameliorates inflammation and gastric carcinogenesis promoted by Helicobacter pylori new toxin, Tip-alpha, by targeting TRAF3.Helicobacter22:27493095.

  • Google Scholar