The journal retracts the 18 June 2020 article cited above.
Following publication, concerns were raised regarding the integrity of the images in the published figures. Image duplication concerns were identified in Figure 7A.
The authors failed to provide a satisfactory explanation during the investigation, which was conducted in accordance with Frontiers' policies. As a result, the data and conclusions of the article have been deemed unreliable, and the article has been retracted.
This retraction was approved by the Chief Editors of Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience and the Chief Executive Editor of Frontiers. The authors do not agree to this retraction.
Frontiers would like to thank the concerned readers who contacted us regarding the published article.
Summary
Citation
Frontiers Editorial Office (2026) Retraction: Metformin protects from rotenone–induced nigrostriatal neuronal death in adult mice by activating AMPK-FOXO3 signaling and mitigation of angiogenesis. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 19:1781967. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2026.1781967
Received
06 January 2026
Accepted
06 January 2026
Published
13 January 2026
Approved by
Robert J. Harvey, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
Volume
19 - 2026
Updates
Copyright
© 2026 Frontiers Editorial Office.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Frontiers Editorial Office, research.integrity@frontiersin.org
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.