Toward improved stroke care in Nepal: insights from a qualitative study on barriers and success factors

Background: The Nepal Stroke Project (NSP) aims to improve stroke care in a resource-limited setting. This qualitative study explores healthcare professionals’ experiences and perceptions of barriers and success factors in implementing stroke care in Nepal.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight healthcare professionals (six physicians, two nurses) involved in the NSP. Interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, following a constructivist approach.

Results: Success factors encompassed the dedication of healthcare professionals, involvement of hospital boards, effective training initiatives, and the formation of stroke teams. Positive developments noted were increased thrombolysis availability, improved stroke awareness, and growing interest in stroke care among medical professionals. Key barriers identified included lack of government ownership in stroke care advocacy, financial constraints for patients, inadequate public awareness, and challenges in implementing quality monitoring.

Conclusion: While the NSP has initiated positive changes in Nepal’s stroke care landscape, significant barriers persist. The study highlights the importance of addressing systemic issues such as government involvement and financial accessibility of treatments. Success factors, particularly the motivation of healthcare professionals and local ownership of the project, provide a foundation for future improvements. These findings can inform strategies for enhancing stroke care delivery in other resource-limited settings and guide ongoing initiatives within the NSP.

1 Introduction

Stroke presents a significant global health burden, with a disproportionate impact on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite bearing 86% of global stroke deaths and 89% of disability-adjusted life years lost, LMICs face substantial challenges in implementing evidence-based stroke care practices (1). While theoretical frameworks exist (2–4), their practical implementation remains challenging. The disparities between LMICs and HICs in stroke care are well studied, revealing a paradox wherein LMICs bear the major burden of strokes yet suffer from limited access to and high costs of treatment (4–6). Nepal exemplifies this scenario with a high stroke burden amidst a resource-restrained healthcare infrastructure (7). Since 2021, the Nepal Stroke Project (NSP) stands out as an initiative to tackle these unmet needs (8). Health care professionals (HCPs) play a critical role in the implementation of different strategies in everyday health services and their experiences are essential to inform the development of effective strategies for improving stroke care delivery. Our research with a qualitative approach aims to delve into the experiences, perceptions, and attitudes of healthcare professionals involved in the process of stroke care transformation in Nepal. By elucidating the challenges encountered (“barriers”) in clinical work and the factors leading to successful implementation, we aimed to identify specific areas for continuous improvement. Our findings will not only inform the ongoing initiatives within the NSP but also contribute to broader organizational-level improvements in stroke care delivery in resource-limited health care settings.

2 Methods

2.1 Design

This qualitative investigation utilized semi-structured interviews to understand the perceptions of health care professionals (HCP) toward the Nepal Stroke Project (NSP). The study embraced a constructivist perspective, purposefully integrating researchers’ personal experiences and expertise to heighten theoretical sensitivity and foster theory development. This approach was chosen based on its appropriateness for delving into perceptions and comprehending the factors having shaped the project (9).

The researcher CT, who served as both a co-founder of NSP and project coordinator from its inception, maintained a stance of reflexivity throughout the study, consistently reflecting on their assumptions and biases (10). This reflexivity ensured a conscious awareness of how her background and involvement might influence the interpretation of data and the development of insights.

2.2 Setting

The NSP, initiated in 2021 by the Nepal Stroke Association in collaboration with the University Hospital Heidelberg, aims to improve access to quality stroke care (8). The project aims to establish stroke-ready hospitals and nine secondary or tertiary care centers in different provinces and in the capital Kathmandu were actively participating in the projects’ activities. During the first 2 years, more than 1,000 healthcare professionals attended stroke-related workshops (8), and quality monitoring training through which Registry of Stroke Care Quality (RES-Q) was introduced (11). Awareness campaigns reached over 3 million individuals through social media and live events (12).

2.3 Study participants

Participants were identified using purposive sampling to ensure the collection of data from individuals likely to offer valuable insights into the strategies employed. The sample comprised health professionals actively engaged in the NSP. Maximum variation sampling was employed to select participants representing a diverse range of perspectives, experiences, and roles within the project. This approach encompassed individuals involved from the project’s inception as well as those who joined later stages. The sample included health professionals from both regional hospitals and the capital, ensuring representation across varied healthcare settings. Participants ranged from junior to senior positions and encompassed a mix of physicians and nurses, enriching the study with a breadth of expertise and viewpoints.

2.4 Participant recruitment and data collection

Potential participants were invited to participate in the study by a research assistant (AK) utilizing a stepwise recruitment process. To ensure confidentiality, interviewees were pseudonymized, aiming to mitigate the influence of social desirability bias. All interviews were conducted remotely via an online meeting platform (Google Meet) and recorded in both audio and video formats for accuracy. Transcriptions of the interviews were completed verbatim, and researchers solely worked with transcripts to prevent depseudonymization. To minimize power imbalances, the interviews were conducted by a research assistant (SS), a last-year medical student from a geographical near-by country, who has not been involved in the projects’ activities before. A semi-structured interview guide, honed through two separate pilot interviews with the research team, provided structure and consistency to the interview process. Recruitment and data collection was performed between June and August 2023.

2.5 Data analysis

To ensure analytic rigor, thematic saturation was evaluated continuously and considered achieved when no new themes emerged, and interview responses began to repeat. This decision was confirmed by two researchers.

Data analysis followed the approach of qualitative content analysis as outlined by Kuckartz (13). Coding rules were initially developed deductively, based on existing theoretical frameworks and the interview guide.

The analysis commenced with one author (CT) conducting an initial review of the transcripts, noting preliminary observations and thoughts, followed by a line-by-line analysis of each transcript to identify initial codes, which were then clustered into related categories. Codes identified through this deductive process were refined and grouped inductively into overarching themes related to barriers and success factors.

For coding validation, interview transcripts were independently coded by a researcher proficient in qualitative interview research (CS). Each researcher developed a coding framework; these were compared, found to be highly similar, and then merged into a final codebook through discussion and consensus. Categories were defined with anchor examples from the transcripts to guide consistent application. This process enhanced intercoder reliability and transparency (see Figure 1). The analysis was presented and discussed at a Qualitative Journal Club to enhance validation of findings. To support the analysis of the transcription material, the MAXQDA software (VERBI, 2018) was used. Adherence to the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Studies (SRQR) ensured methodological rigor throughout the analysis process (14).

Figure 1

Figure 1. Codebook structure depicting key themes in stroke care delivery in Nepal.

2.6 Ethical considerations

Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics commission of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University (S-238/2023). Prior to participation, interviewees provided informed consent, ensuring compliance with ethical standards. During the interview, they had the opportunity to interrupt the interview at any time. It was also always possible to withdraw consent retrospectively.

3 Results

3.1 Study participants

We conducted interviews with eight participants, who comprised six physicians and two nurses, for details see Table 1. The participants were affiliated with diverse healthcare institutions across various cities in Nepal, reflecting the project’s reach and engagement with stakeholders across multiple regions of Nepal (see Table 1). The average time of the interviews was 52 min (ranging between 17 and 95 min).

Table 1

Table 1. Information on study participants.

3.2 Overarching categories and themes

3.2.1 Theme 1: barriers in implementing stroke care

Barriers were found in the areas of stroke care advocacy (1) (at a health-system level), public awareness (2) and quality monitoring (3) (see Table 2).

Table 2

Table 2. Barriers identified within the Nepal Stroke Project with quotes.

3.2.1.1 System-level barriers

Interviews described a lack of government ownership in the field of stroke care as a significant challenge. Participants consistently emphasized the limitation of the NSP to effectively influence policy making, highlighting the necessity for broader engagement by the highest level of health authorities.

With the lack of health authorities taking responsibility comes that financial constraints were identified as a significant barrier to accessing stroke care. Patients are often unable to afford necessary treatments in stroke care, which has to be paid out-of-pocket:

“Our people do not have insurance. Our government does not support other people. So, you’d rather die than getting the treatment would be the best option for them” (Pallav).

The unavailability of essential and time-critical thrombolytic medication aggravates this, as one physician describes:

“Sometimes the drug was available sometimes not, [.] when the patient was ready, there was no, when drug was available, patient was not ready” (Pallav).

Disparities between private and governmental hospitals were highlighted, as well as in access to stroke care resources between the capital Kathmandu and the provinces.

High staff turnover rates and difficulty in forming cohesive stroke care teams were noted as significant obstacles with a lack of experienced consultants and mostly emergency departments being run by medical officers.

3.2.1.2 Low level of stroke awareness

Low public awareness poses a significant barrier to effective stroke care, with misperceptions, and notable trust in traditional healers and spiritual health, especially described by HCPs from rural areas:

“We have one Ayurvedic hospital nearby and they are [.] treating more patient than us” Saatvik.

Erroneous beliefs are prevalent also among physicians, particularly regarding thrombolytic medication, as still many physicians fear administering this treatment due to concerns about increased bleeding risk.

3.2.1.3 Quality monitoring

All participants acknowledged challenges encountered with hospital-based quality monitoring during the initial implementation efforts.

Hospitals’ workflow: Major challenges were noted in the hospital’s workflow, as records are taken home by patients:

“In my hospital we do not keep follow-up data. We have a record system. We give that to the patient and the patient takes that record with them. We do not keep that in the hospital” Uday.

Non-Mandatory Nature and Time Constraints: Participants highlighted the non-mandatory nature of RES-Q in Nepal and the time constraints faced by clinicians as significant barriers. One physician emphasized the need for not only training clinicians in quality monitoring, but also called for policy and administrative support. Others echoed this sentiment, stating that “it’s not mandatory and when there is no mandatory and no reward or no punishment for that, it does not generate interest in people.” (Jagadeep). As one participant stated, “People are so busy, they will not enter the data so it will not be possible unless the policy and the administrative people coming to the scenario” (Eshaan).

Data security aspects: Physicians from governmental hospitals cited a perceived lack of permission from high governmental authorities as a justification for not using the RES-Q database. While terms and conditions of RES-Q are clearly defined, physicians expressed concerns about uncertainty regarding who could access the registered data.

RES-Q online tool: Limited internet access in some hospitals was mentioned as a further barrier to regular use of the online data entry. Participants expressed difficulty in navigating the online tool of RES-Q.

“The biggest hindrance I think is going back and sitting on the computer and just entering the data” Chandrashekhar.

Participants suggested potential solutions, including the development of a mobile app for data entry that can be used instantly. Another proposed solution was to appoint dedicated research officers in each hospital responsible for RES-Q data entry, as it was mentioned that training students had proven unsuccessful.

3.2.2 Theme 2: positive developments and success factors

We identified positive advancements in stroke care, public awareness and stroke care advocacy. Success factors enabling these changes included the dedication of health care professionals and involvement of hospital boards, training initiatives, and the formation of stroke teams. For details see Table 3.

Table 3

Table 3. Positive changes and success factors with quotes.

3.2.2.1 Positive changes

The participants highlighted positive developments in stroke care, noting the emergence of a stroke movement in Nepal. Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) has expanded to many centers outside the capital, with one participant stating it has “sky-rocketed in Nepal” (Jagadeep). Awareness of stroke medication also increased, as “most people now know that there is a drug which they can take” (Uday). Clinicians observed a rise in knowledge of HCPs, evidenced by the establishment of stroke teams and the implementation of protocols and flowcharts for stroke care. Additionally, there has been a surge of interest in stroke care from other disciplines, accompanied by a growing trust in stroke care services.

Although all participants urged for more governmental support, one participant expressed satisfaction with the government’s responsiveness, citing potential subsidies for stroke treatment as an example.

3.2.2.2 Motivation of physicians

Participants expressed pride in their involvement with the NSP, particularly those in the founding group, citing a sense of recognition and ownership in promoting stroke care.

“I feel pride, that I got involved in all these activities and I’m getting a chance to advocate at national levels… I’m just a family doctor, but they call me for a lecture there and I feel happy that I was called for that” (Pallav).

While acknowledging the importance of personal motivation and the identification of local “stroke heroes,” participants recognized that sustainability hinges on broader involvement from health professionals. They stressed the imperative of elevating the program to the health administration and policy level to ensure long-term sustainability.

Moreover, participants identified various factors beyond intrinsic motivation such as pleasant venues, encouragement from senior colleagues, opportunities to attend conferences abroad, and accreditation.

3.2.2.3 Involvement of hospital boards

Participants reported success in engaging hospital leadership by framing stroke care as an urgent and strategic opportunity. This led to support for stroke units and essential medications.

“The new administration wants to just build up the hospital in a new level. So stroke, it was one of the opportunities for them, so we tried to hit the iron when it was hot” Pallav.

Some participants highlighted the hospital’s response to external pressures, perceiving themselves as being monitored, which served as an additional motivator for implementing stroke care measures.

3.2.2.4 Training and stroke team

The HCPs emphasized the significant benefit of the program in enhancing their knowledge base and skills, attributing this gain to the educational materials, on-site workshops, Angels’ Initiative Train-the-Trainer sessions, and regular webinars. Outreach to peripheral provinces was seen as particularly valuable.

Formation of multidisciplinary stroke teams was considered a crucial factor to improving care delivery, particularly in environments characterized by high staff turnover rates.

3.2.2.5 Local ownership of the project

Participants emphasized their commitment to sustaining the project beyond individual involvement, highlighting the importance of continuity and momentum. “Because of our commitment, it will be sustainable, and we will be committed to making it sustainable in the future.” Continued engagement and visibility were seen as key to longevity. While ongoing external support was recognized as necessary, participants viewed the balance between local and international involvement as appropriate and did not express concern over external influence.

4 Discussion

This study offers a practitioner-centered perspective on the Nepal Stroke Project (NSP), providing insights into the real-world experiences of healthcare professionals engaged in stroke system transformation in a lower-middle-income setting. Our study unveils areas for enhancement within the NSP, with implications extending to stroke care initiatives in diverse global settings.

Key findings reveal that while personal motivation, training efforts, and hospital engagement facilitated progress, major obstacles persisted—particularly limited government ownership, financial inaccessibility, low public awareness, and difficulties in quality monitoring.

4.1 Comparison with literature

Comparable findings regarding barriers and facilitators were observed in the setting of Ghana (15). HCPs in Ghana similarly bemoaned the lack of political support as a major obstacle. This alignment suggests that the success factors and areas for improvement we identified may extend beyond our specific setting in Nepal and could potentially be beneficial in other regions undergoing similar initiatives. Our findings align with the Lancet Neurology Commission’s call for pragmatic, context-adapted approaches to stroke care in low-resource settings (4). Similar to the Commission’s emphasis on health system integration, workforce training, and equitable access, our study underscores the need for structured implementation frameworks, local ownership, and multisectoral engagement to overcome persistent barriers.

In contrast to our earlier publication (8), which provided a structured, process-oriented perspective, this analysis offers insight into how implementation is experienced by healthcare professionals on the ground. Core strategies identified previously—such as local leadership, structured training, and institutional engagement—were reaffirmed, while elements like inter-hospital collaboration were less frequently mentioned, suggesting a divergence in perceived relevance between external observers and local actors. However, our data lack the perspective of non-clinical stakeholders, which hinder triangulation within the health system. Future research should integrate those perspectives.

4.2 Unresolved issues and implementation tensions

Persistent implementation challenges reflected deeper structural constraints within the health system. While key interventions were introduced, the lack of a standardized, system-wide framework led to variable execution and limited evaluability. The absence of baseline data and clear follow-up mechanisms was seen not just as a technical gap, but as a missed opportunity to institutionalize learning and accountability.

Efforts to introduce structured monitoring tools like RES-Q underscored this tension: though conceptually embraced, their routine use was constrained by infrastructure, staffing, and unclear mandates. This disconnect highlights a recurring implementation dilemma—external partners may emphasize standardized planning and measurement, but local systems often operate under conditions that require more flexible and adaptive strategies.

Similarly, institutional and policy-level engagement remained fragile. Participants’ experiences suggest that without stronger administrative alignment and formal integration into national health planning, even motivated clinical efforts risk remaining siloed. These tensions illustrate the need to embed implementation within broader systems reform—balancing ambition with feasibility, and external frameworks with local ownership.

4.3 Implications

To address the identified challenges, the NSP prioritized the integration of RES-Q as a key quality monitoring tool. Despite its global relevance, implementation in Nepal required adaptation. Multiple training rounds and close collaboration with the RES-Q global team helped overcome initial barriers. Data security concerns were addressed through clear communication and the appointment of a national coordinator. Research managers supported hospital teams for several months, and practical tools—such as paper-based data forms—were introduced to streamline entry. These efforts led to improved data quality and acceptance, culminating in one hospital receiving the WSO Angels Initiative Gold Award.

At the policy level, collaboration with national stakeholders was strengthened, and project funding supported a proof-of-concept for thrombolysis procurement—an effort aimed at improving access to critical treatment and highlighting the feasibility of stroke care integration within the broader health system.

4.4 Strength and limitations

Our study provides unprecedented insights into stroke care initiatives within the context of an LMIC. The utilization of an external interviewer and pseudonymization was intended to mitigate social desirability bias. Still, interviewees may have used interviews as a platform to advocate for their own priorities and communicate pride of their achievements. The small, purposive sample (n = 8) included predominantly physicians closely involved in the NSP, limiting the diversity of perspectives and increased the risk of participation and confirmation bias. The study focused solely on HCPs and did not include the views of patients, administrators, or policymakers. This restricts the depth of system-level analysis and limits the ability to triangulate findings. Our study was limited to the HCPs involved in the NSP in the tertiary care sector and therefore generalizability to the whole Nepalese health sector is limited. Given the lead author’s close involvement in the project, there is a potential for interpretive bias, despite efforts at reflexivity and independent coding. Observations may have enabled another analytic layer, analyzing the experience of the participants in relation to the observations.

5 Conclusion

The Nepal Stroke Project serves as a paradigmatic initiative directed toward implementing stroke care within resource-constrained contexts. Encouraging advancements were found particularly in stroke team integration and increased public awareness of stroke. However, major challenges persisted, notably encompassing the dearth of political backing for stroke care initiatives and establishing robust mechanisms for quality monitoring. These findings highlight the critical role of qualitative research in capturing how implementation strategies are perceived, adapted, and sustained on the ground. Given the shared structural and policy challenges across LMICs, the development of stroke systems requires models that are not only evidence-based but also feasible and responsive to local constraints. Integrating qualitative methods into implementation science is critical to achieving this goal. Further research with various stakeholders and a larger variety of perspectives is necessary to incorporate broader perspectives.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by the Ethics Committee of University Hospital Heidelberg (Approval number: S-238/2023). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author contributions

CT: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. RP: Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing. LT: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. SS: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. AKr: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Writing – review & editing. AS: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. BK: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. PJ: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. NB: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing. PT: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing. SB: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing. AKo: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. CK: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. PG: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – review & editing. BS: Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. AC: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. MG: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. BP: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. JG: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Project administration, Writing – review & editing. JM: Resources, Writing – review & editing. CS: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing. RS: Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing. CG: Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – review & editing.

Funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. The project was supported by the Initiative Hospital Partnerships of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and financed by the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the Else-Kröner-Fresenius foundation (EKFS).

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their gratitude to all the interview participants who shared their experiences. They also thank all participants and supporters of the Nepal Stroke Project.

Conflict of interest

PT was employed by Tunkl Consulting.

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Generative AI statement

The authors declare that no Gen AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.

Publisher’s note

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