ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurol.
Sec. Neurotrauma
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1577390
This article is part of the Research TopicIntegrative Approaches to Acute Brain Injury: Vascular, Electrical, and Metabolic InteractionsView all 4 articles
Glucose-Potassium Ratio: A Prognostic Biomarker Enhancing Outcome Prediction in Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury
Provisionally accepted
- 1The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- 2Jinjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Background: To determine the prognostic value of the serum glucose-to-potassium ratio (GPR) in patients with mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (MM-TBI).Methods: Clinical data from patients admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University with MM-TBI between January1, 2018 and December 31, 2022 were analyzed. Univariate logistic regression was performed to identify potential risk factors for poor prognosis, followed by multivariate logistic regression to evaluate the Rotterdam score and GPR as independent prognostic factors. The stability of the relationship between GPR and prognosis was confirmed using trend tests, multiple regression models, and restricted cubic splines (RCS). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to adjust for selection bias, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate predictive accuracy, and Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves were used to assess 90-day prognosis.Results: GPR (P = 0.0021) and Rotterdam score (P < 0.0001) were found to be independent prognostic factors. Trend tests and RCS analyses confirmed a stable, nonlinear relationship between GPR and prognosis. The area under the ROC curve was 0.670 for GPR alone, which increased to 0.850 when combined with the Rotterdam score.PSM analysis revealed a significant difference in GPR between the favorable and unfavorable prognosis groups (P = 0.004). K-M curves showed that GPR was strongly predictive of 90-day outcomes (P < 0.0001).GPR is a reliable and easily accessible prognostic indicator for MM-TBI.Moreover, its prognostic value is enhanced when GPR is combined with the Rotterdam score.
Keywords: serum glucose and potassium ratio, mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury, prognosis, Restricted cubic spline, Propensity score matching, receiver operating characteristic
Received: 15 Feb 2025; Accepted: 13 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Wang, Hong, Feng, Wu, LI, Yan and Gao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Hongzhi Gao, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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