ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurol.
Sec. Neurorehabilitation
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1641033
This article is part of the Research TopicNeurorehabilitative and regenerative methods involved in treating traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries: Volume IIView all 5 articles
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Improves Post-Concussion Symptoms in Adults With Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Provisionally accepted
Adi Shabi Shlifer1
Gil Suzin1
Ran Shorer1Erez Lang1,2Shachar Finci1,2
Karin Elman Shina1,2
Keren Doenyas1,2
Shai Efrati1,2,3*- 1Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir Medical Center Assaf Harofeh, Tzrifin, Israel
- 2Gray School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- 3Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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Abstract Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) following childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in persistent cognitive impairments that extend into adulthood, yet it remains significantly underdiagnosed and undertreated. This study evaluated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on chronic neurocognitive symptoms in adults with PCS stemming from pediatric TBI. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients treated with HBOT at the "Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research" between 2017 and 2024. Inclusion criteria included TBI before age 17, HBOT initiation after age 20, and the availability of computerized cognitive assessments before and after treatment. All participants received at least 40 sessions of HBOT, consisting of 90 minutes of 100% oxygen at 2 ATA with air breaks. Twenty-six adults (mean age 31.7 ± 8.6 years) who sustained TBI in childhood (mean age at injury 7.7 ± 5.8 years) met inclusion criteria. Following HBOT, statistically significant improvements were observed in all cognitive domains except for motor skills (global cognition, memory, executive function, attention and information processing speed; all adjusted p < 0.05; effect sizes r = 0.62–0.78, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). These improvements were independent of time since injury (mean 23.6 ± 9.3 years) and initial TBI severity. Notably, individuals with a history of mild TBI exhibited similar impairments and treatment response to those with more severe injuries. These findings suggest that HBOT may induce meaningful neurocognitive improvement even decades after pediatric TBI, supporting its potential role in long-term rehabilitation strategies for this underserved population.
Keywords: hyperbaric oxygen therapy, Traumatic Brain Injury, Post-Concussion Syndrome, Pediatric brain injury, Cognitive rehabilitation, neuroplasticity
Received: 04 Jun 2025; Accepted: 13 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Shabi Shlifer, Suzin, Shorer, Lang, Finci, Elman Shina, Doenyas and Efrati. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Shai Efrati, Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Shamir Medical Center Assaf Harofeh, Tzrifin, Israel
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