ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurol.
Sec. Headache and Neurogenic Pain
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1648017
This article is part of the Research TopicExploring gender-related phenotypic differences in neuropathic and nociplastic painView all articles
Sex hormone profiles in men with migraine: A cross-sectional, matched cohort study
Provisionally accepted
Paul Triller1
Elisabeth Storch1
Lucas Hendrik Overeem1
Mira Pauline Fitzek1
Carolin Luisa Hoehne1Maria Terhart1Kristin Sophie Lange1
Uwe Reuter2
Bianca Raffaelli1*- 1Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- 2Universitatsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Objective: Sex hormones play a key role in migraine pathophysiology, yet their impact in men remains unclear. This study investigates sex hormone profiles and their potential relationship with Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) in men with episodic migraine. Methods: We analyzed serum blood levels of sex hormones (testosterone, estradiol (E2), progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and CGRP in age and body mass index (BMI)-matched men with and without migraine. Results: A total of 120 male participants (n=60 with migraine and n=60 without migraine) completed the study. The mean age was 44.4 ± 14.4 years in migraine group and 44.5 ± 16.2 in the control group. Men with migraine had lower progesterone levels (0.2 nmol/l, IQR 0.2) and a higher E2 to progesterone (E2/P) ratio (0.33, IQR 0.26) compared to healthy controls (0.5 nmol/l, IQR 0.2, p < 0.001; 0.25, IQR 0.19, p < 0.02). Median E2 was 0.09 nmol/l (IQR 0.03) in migraine patients and 0.12 nmol/l (IQR 0.04) in controls (p = 0.07). There were no significant differences in testosterone, testosterone to E2 (T/E2) ratio, LH and FSH levels. CGRP serum levels did not differ between groups and showed no correlation with sex hormone levels. Subgroup analysis revealed no differences in hormone or CGRP levels between migraine patients with and without aura. Discussion: Our findings indicate higher progesterone levels and lower E2/P ratios in healthy men compared to those with migraine, suggesting a potential association between sex hormone profiles and migraine in men. These results warrant further investigation into the hormonal modulation of migraine beyond the female population.
Keywords: Migraine, CGRP, sex hormones, estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, Men
Received: 16 Jun 2025; Accepted: 01 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Triller, Storch, Overeem, Fitzek, Hoehne, Terhart, Lange, Reuter and Raffaelli. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Bianca Raffaelli, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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