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REVIEW article

Front. Neurol.

Sec. Neurogenetics

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1662931

Evaluation of the synapse adhesion molecule Kirrel3 in neurological disease

Provisionally accepted
Omar  ShennibOmar Shennib1*Olivia  RainesOlivia Raines1Amanda  KaramianAmanda Karamian2Megan  E WilliamsMegan E Williams1*
  • 1University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
  • 2University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, United States

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

The synaptic adhesion molecule KIRREL3 regulates synapse development in mice and is implicated in human neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and Jacobsen syndrome (chromosome 11q deletion syndrome). However, its status as a definitive human disease gene remains unresolved, likely due to the rarity of KIRREL3-related disorders and significant gaps in understanding its molecular mechanisms. Current knowledge is further fragmented across disparate clinical and basic research reports, often buried in supplemental data. This review synthesizes existing evidence to enable clinicians and scientists to better evaluate KIRREL3 variants as potentially disease causing. We review its conserved role in mediating neuron-to-neuron interactions during axon targeting and synapse formation in mice and how disruptions to these interactions could contribute to neurological pathology in humans. We also discuss how disease-associated variants alter KIRREL3 function. Our analysis underscores the need for integrated studies spanning basic and clinical investigation to validate KIRREL3's disease association and advance future interventions for KIRREL3-related disorders.

Keywords: Genediseaseassociation, genotype-phenotypecorrelation, clinicalvariant, Neurodevelopmental disorders, autism, Intellectual Disability, cell adhesion molecule, Kirre3

Received: 09 Jul 2025; Accepted: 05 Sep 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Shennib, Raines, Karamian and Williams. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Omar Shennib, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
Megan E Williams, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.