ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Neurol.
Sec. Neuro-Ophthalmology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1664310
Assessment of a Novel Patient Reported Outcome Measure for Visual Snow Syndrome: The Colorado Visual Snow Survey 2.0
Provisionally accepted
- 1Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
- 2University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
- 3Binghamton University, Binghamton, United States
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Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a condition in which people experience a continuous overlay of small dots atop their entire visual field. As a newly recognized condition, there is a gap in patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) that target VSS symptom impact. We sought to assess the Colorado Visual Snow Survey 2.0 (CVSS) as a possible PROM for VSS. In a convenience sample of undergraduate students and people with VSS recruited through the Visual Snow Initiative (N = 144), we found the CVSS (1) strongly differentiated people with VSS from healthy controls, (2) demonstrated high internal consistency, and (3) aside from visual static, the degree of night vision impairment, blue field entoptic phenomenon, and afterimages, and tinnitus (in that order) best predicted group membership. Overall, CVSS is a promising PROM that warrants further validation.
Keywords: Visual snow syndrome, patient reported outcome measure, Epidemiology, persistent positive visual phenomena, Colorado Visual Snow Survey
Received: 11 Jul 2025; Accepted: 09 Sep 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Maione, Pelak and Gerhardstein. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Peter C Gerhardstein, Binghamton University, Binghamton, United States
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