ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Virtual Real.
Sec. Virtual Reality and Human Behaviour
Volume 6 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/frvir.2025.1556898
The effects of different variants of eye-tracking-based feedback of attentional processes during virtual social interactions
Provisionally accepted
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Enhanced self-focused attention plays an important role in the maintenance of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Therefore, changing attentional processes is a major target in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and recent approaches apply Virtual Reality (VR) behavioral exercises to change these processes. A promising approach to enhance such VR exposure-based exercises is implementing eyetracking-based feedback. Therefore, this experimental study investigates which characteristics of gaze-related feedback lead to a positive valence and an increase in focused attention on social stimuli. Additionally, we examine differential effects in low (LSA) vs. highly socially anxious (HSA) individuals. Overall, 50 participants, who were grouped into LSA and HSA according to the median split of the SPIN, were instructed to hold eye contact with virtual agents until they received feedback either in the form of a smile, a positive tone, or a praise. Furthermore, the required duration of maintaining eye contact with virtual agents to receive feedback was manipulated. The feedback variants were evaluated during and after the experiment via ratings, and participants' gaze was measured via eye tracking. Results revealed that the smile feedback was perceived as more pleasant and elicited more eye contact in a subsequent test phase than the praise, which was associated with higher valence than the tone. In addition, LSA participants rated the social feedback variants (smile, praise) as significantly more pleasant than HSA participants, who showed reduced sensitivity to positive social feedback. These findings suggest that socially rewarding feedback is more effective in LSA individuals and may not generalize to those with high social anxiety. Future research should therefore explore further feedback variants within individuals with SAD to further refine and optimize VR-based attentional interventions for improved therapeutic outcomes.1. Introduction
Keywords: virtual reality, social anxiety, Self-focused attention, social interaction, eye tracking, Feedback, Exposure therapy
Received: 07 Jan 2025; Accepted: 19 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Schmidt, Wechsler, Kroczek and Mühlberger. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Teresa Schmidt, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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