ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Virtual Real.
Sec. Augmented Reality
Volume 6 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/frvir.2025.1690439
This article is part of the Research TopicEnabling the Medical Extended Reality ecosystem - Advancements in Technology, Applications and Regulatory ScienceView all 13 articles
Design and Validation of a Mixed Reality Workflow for Structural Cardiac Procedures in Interventional Cardiology
Provisionally accepted
Jan Hečko
Daniel Přeček
Jaroslav JanuskaMiroslav Hudec
Katerina BarnovaMartina Palickova MikolaskovaMatej PekarJan ChovancikLibor Sknouril
Otakar Jiravsky*- Agel Hospital Trinec Podlesi, Trinec, Czechia
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Background: Mixed reality (MR) technologies, such as those integrating Unity and Microsoft HoloLens 2, hold promises for enhancing non-coronary interventions in interventional cardiology by providing real-time 3D visualizations, multi-user collaboration, and gesture-based interactions. However, barriers to clinical adoption include insufficient validation of performance, usability, and workflow integration, aligning with the Research Topic on transforming medicine through extended reality (XR) via robust technologies, education, and ethical considerations. This study addresses these gaps by developing and rigorously evaluating an MR system for procedures like transcatheter valve replacements and atrial septal defect repairs. Methods: The system was built using Unity with modifications to the UnityVolumeRendering plugin for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) data processing and volume rendering, Mixed Reality Toolkit (MRTK) for user interactions, and Photon Unity Networking (PUN2) for multi-user synchronization. Validation involved technical performance metrics (e.g., frame rate, latency), measured via Unity Profiler and Wireshark during stress tests. Usability was assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS) and NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), as well as through task-based trials. Workflow integration was evaluated in a simulated cath-lab setting with six cardiologists, focusing on calibration times and responses to a custom questionnaire. Statistical analysis included means ± standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Technical benchmarks showed frame rates of 59.6 ± 0.7 fps for medium datasets, local latency of 14.3 ± 0.5 ms (95% CI: 14.1–14.5 ms), and multi-user latency of 26.9 ± 12.3 ms (95% CI: 23.3–30.5 ms), with 91% gesture recognition accuracy. Usability yielded a SUS score of 77.5 ± 3.8 and NASA-TLX of 37 ± 7, with task completion times under 60 s. Workflow metrics indicated 38 s calibration and high communication benefits (4.5 ± 0.2 on a 1–5 scale). Conclusion: This validated MR solution demonstrates feasibility for precise, collaborative cardiac interventions, paving the way for broader XR adoption in medicine while addressing educational and ethical integration challenges.
Keywords: Mixed reality, HoloLens 2, interventional cardiology, volume rendering, Usability validation, Workflow integration, multi-user collaboration, Performance metrics
Received: 21 Aug 2025; Accepted: 20 Oct 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Hečko, Přeček, Januska, Hudec, Barnova, Palickova Mikolaskova, Pekar, Chovancik, Sknouril and Jiravsky. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Otakar Jiravsky, otakar.jiravsky@npo.agel.cz
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.