Roberto Russo
Giulia Gasparini
Emanuele Cozzani
Federica D’Agostino
Aurora Parodi- 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute (DISSAL), Section of Dermatology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- 2Department of Dermatology, San Martino Polyclinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Introduction
Even before the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), vaccines have been the most important preventive measure against infectious diseases. Vaccines have led to the eradication of some infectious diseases and have reduced the mortality and morbidity of many others. However, concerns about their safety have led to hesitancy toward vaccination. Despite their undeniable advantages, vaccinations have also been accused of having a potential role in inducing autoimmune diseases (1, 2).
Some cases of arthritis, vasculitis, and central or peripheral nervous system disorders have been reported following vaccination (3). As concerns the COVID-19 vaccine, the matter is further complicated by the nucleic acid formulation of the vaccine and its accelerated development imposed by the emergency situation of the pandemic (4). On one hand, patients with autoimmune diseases are more likely to develop severe forms of COVID-19 rather than adverse reactions to the COVID-19 vaccine (5); on the other hand, several reports have been linking COVID-19 vaccination with the onset of a variety of autoimmune disorders (6–8). As for the dermatological adverse reactions, among others (9), recent reports suggest an association between COVID-19 vaccination and the onset of autoimmune bullous diseases (AIBDs) (10–13). Should we really blame the vaccines?
An Example
As a perfect example of what we mean, we would like to cite the case of a 75-year-old male with type-II diabetes mellitus treated with gliptins, who developed bullous pemphigoid (BP) 48 h after receiving the first dose of the Comirnaty Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Physical examination revealed widespread tense blisters on erythematous skin. Histological examination and direct immunofluorescence findings confirmed the diagnosis of BP. Discontinuation of gliptins resulted in prompt clinical improvement, and the cutaneous lesions were managed by topical steroids alone.
Discussion
Vaccine-associated autoimmunity is a well-known phenomenon, which can be attributed to either the cross-reactivity between antigens or the effect of adjuvants (4). Reports on the onset of autoimmune diseases, including AIBDs, in healthy patients who received COVID-19 vaccines have been recently published. Pérez-López et al. (10) reported the case of a 78-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease, treated with insulin and memantine, who developed BP 3 days after receiving the first dose of the Comirnaty Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Notably, she experienced a subsequent reactivation after receiving the second dose (10). A 77-year-old patient, with no significant clinical history, consulted for skin blisters that appeared 24 h after the first injection of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine; immunofluorescence findings confirmed the diagnosis of BP (11). Solimani et al. (12) described the case of a 40‐year‐old Asian woman, without any history of skin disease and otherwise healthy, who developed pemphigus vulgaris (PV) 5 days after COVID‐19 vaccination with the Comirnaty Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine; also, the lesions worsened and spread to the upper body 3 days after the second dose. Damiani et al. (13) highlighted one more issue, by arguing that COVID‐19 vaccines may trigger PV and BP flares in patients already affected by these diseases, during a period of remission. Namely, 5 patients (2 PV, 3 BP) were reported to have experienced a flare after undergoing COVID-19 vaccination (13).
Our patient developed BP shortly after receiving the first dose of Comirnaty Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. On the other hand, the association between gliptins and BP is well-known (14). Therefore, BP might be considered as an adverse effect of the antidiabetic treatment. Moreover, discontinuing gliptins resulted in quick clinical improvement, giving strength to the hypothesis of a drug adverse event. However, one may argue that the onset only 48 h after the immunization suggests a role played by the vaccine, as the patient had been taking gliptins for 1 year without any skin reactions. In our opinion, our case suggests the role of COVID-19 vaccine as a possible trigger, but not as an independent cause, of immune reaction in the setting of a gliptin-related BP.
Also, when considering COVID-19 vaccination as a possible cause of AIBDs, one would expect an increase of their incidence in 2021 compared to the previous years. Oppositely, in our department which is a regional referral center for AIBDs, we observed a stable, or rather an inverse, trend, as 33 new cases of AIBDs (of which 25 were BP) were diagnosed in 2021 compared to 41 cases (31 BP) in 2020 and 47 cases (26 BP) in 2019. This appears to give strength to our hypothesis that COVID-19 vaccines probably are not independent causes of AIBDs.
Of course, well-conducted epidemiological studies are needed to clarify whether an actual relationship between COVID-19 vaccines and AIBDs really exists. However, perhaps some of the AIBDs reported to be vaccine-induced actually are not. In fact, as in our case, sometimes there are underlying factors that make the patient prone to develop AIBDs, and vaccination only accidentally occurs shortly before the AIBD onset, or at most, it acts as a triggering event. Unfortunately, not all these underlying factors of BP and PV are known, so AIBDs may be incorrectly considered as vaccine-induced. This is of crucial importance, as it may result in improper contraindication to further doses. Our patient was advised to get the second dose of the vaccine, but he refused.
In conclusion, benefits of vaccination against COVID-19 outweigh risks in terms of developing AIBDs; therefore, dermatologists should advise their patients to get vaccinated.
Author Contributions
All authors contributed equally in all phases of work. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note
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Keywords: COVID-19, vaccines, autoimmune bullous diseases, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris
Citation: Russo R, Gasparini G, Cozzani E, D’Agostino F and Parodi A (2022) Absolving COVID-19 Vaccination of Autoimmune Bullous Disease Onset. Front. Immunol. 13:834316. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834316
Received: 13 December 2021; Accepted: 24 January 2022;
Published: 18 February 2022.
Edited by:
Pascal Joly, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Rouen, FranceReviewed by:
Elham Hossny, Ain Shams University, EgyptCopyright © 2022 Russo, Gasparini, Cozzani, D’Agostino and Parodi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Aurora Parodi, aurora.parodi@unige.it