%A Kuśnierczyk,Piotr %D 2023 %J Frontiers in Immunology %C %F %G English %K lung cancer,Genetics,immunology,ethnic differences,sex/gender differences,therapy %Q %R 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1063716 %W %L %M %P %7 %8 2023-February-02 %9 Review %+ Prof Piotr Kuśnierczyk,Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences,Poland,piotr.kusnierczyk@hirszfeld.pl %# %! Lung cancer in smokers and never-smokers %* %< %T Genetic differences between smokers and never-smokers with lung cancer %U https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1063716 %V 14 %0 JOURNAL ARTICLE %@ 1664-3224 %X Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, therefore lung cancer epidemiological trends reflect the past trends of cigarette smoking to a great extent. The geographic patterns in mortality closely follow those in incidence. Although lung cancer is strongly associated with cigarette smoking, only about 15% of smokers get lung cancer, and also some never-smokers develop this malignancy. Although less frequent, lung cancer in never smokers is the seventh leading cause of cancer deaths in both sexes worldwide. Lung cancer in smokers and never-smokers differs in many aspects: in histological types, environmental factors representing a risk, and in genes associated with this disease. In this review, we will focus on the genetic differences between lung cancer in smokers versus never-smokers: gene expression, germ-line polymorphisms, gene mutations, as well as ethnic and gender differences. Finally, treatment options for smokers and never-smokers will be briefly reviewed.