Comparison of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in the Treatment of Cirrhosis With or Without Portal Vein Thrombosis: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Aim: The purpose of our study was to conduct a retrospective analysis to compare the effectiveness of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) in the treatment of patients with cirrhosis with or without portal vein thrombosis (PVT).

Methods: We included a total of 203 cirrhosis patients successfully treated with TIPS between January 2015 and January 2018, including 72 cirrhosis patients with PVT (35.5%) and 131 without PVT (64.5%). Our subjects were followed for at least 1 year after treatment with TIPS. Data were collected to estimate the mortality, shunt dysfunction, and complication rates after TIPS creation.

Results: During the mean follow-up time of 19.5 ± 12.8 months, 21 (10.3%) patients died, 15 (7.4%) developed shunt dysfunction, and 44 (21.6%) experienced overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). No significant differences in mortality (P = 0.134), shunt dysfunction (P = 0.214), or OHE (P = 0.632) were noted between the groups. Age, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, and refractory ascites requiring TIPS were risk factors for mortality. A history of diabetes, percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization (PTVE), 8-mm diameter stent, and platelet (PLT) increased the risk of shunt dysfunction. The prevalence of variceal bleeding and recurrent ascites was comparable between the two groups (16.7 vs. 16.7% P = 0.998 and 2.7 vs. 3.8% P = 0.678, respectively).

Conclusions: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts are feasible in the management of cirrhosis with PVT. No significant differences in survival or shunt dysfunction were noted between the PVT and no-PVT groups. The risk of recurrent variceal bleeding, recurrent ascites, and OHE in the PVT group was generally similar to that in the no-PVT group. TIPS represents a potentially feasible treatment option in cirrhosis patients with PVT.

Introduction

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is an important complication of cirrhosis but is not common in the general population. However, in cirrhosis patients, the occurrence rate is ~10–25%, and this figure increases with the severity of cirrhosis (1–4). PVT can further aggravate portal vein hypertension and lead to repeated variceal bleeding or refractory ascites (5). PVT in cirrhosis may be associated with a reduction in the portal vein blood flow velocity, a high coagulation state, and vascular endothelial injury (6–8). Currently, anticoagulant therapy is recommended as the preferred treatment option for PVT, but anticoagulation is a challenging therapy in patients with liver cirrhosis given the well-recognized coagulation abnormalities (9). In addition, the occurrence of PVT is typically not evident, and most patients are complicated with portal hypertension (10, 11). At present, thrombosis exhibits different degrees of transformation into chronic thrombosis, and clinical treatment is very difficult. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) can be used to establish a shunt between the hepatic vein and the portal vein to reduce portal vein pressure. TIPS improve portal vein blood flow and promote blood clot absorption and recanalization (12–15). Thus, the purpose of our study was to conduct a retrospective analysis to compare the effectiveness of TIPS in the treatment of patients with cirrhosis with or without PVT in our center.

Materials and Methods

Patients

This retrospective study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Given its retrospective nature and the lack of a need to collect samples from patients, a waiver of written informed consent was applied. This study included all patients with cirrhosis (any etiology) with or without PVT characterized as non-neoplastic (no tumor vein invasion) according to criteria validated in previous studies (16) between January 2015 and January 2018 in our center. The exclusion criteria for our study included previous TIPS placement, missing clinical and demographic information, hepatocellular carcinoma, previous liver transplantation (LT), technical failure of TIPS, <12 months of follow-up, any active tumor at the time of PVT diagnosis, and incomplete baseline data. However, our study did not exclude patients with cavernomatous transformation of the portal vein. Patients were categorized according to whether they had PVT or not before TIPS. Patients were followed until the occurrence of end points, including death, LT, or the end of the study, in January 2018.

TIPS Procedure

As previously described (17), TIPS procedures were performed by the same team of interventional radiologists who had >10 years of experience in TIPS procedures. With the exception of emergencies, all patients underwent routine computed tomography angiography (CTA) examination prior to the TIPS procedure to clearly visualize the anatomical relationship between the start (hepatic vein) and the end point (portal vein). After a successful puncture, bare stents (Boston Scientific, USA) plus a self-expandable polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-covered stent (GORE VIABAHN, USA), either 8 or 10 mm in diameter, were inserted primarily based on the data from the procedure that was performed. The portosystemic pressure gradient (PSG) was measured using the difference between the portal vein pressure and the right atrial pressure. If the PSG was not reduced below the target threshold (12 mmHg), balloon dilation was performed. TIPS revision using balloon dilatation or parallel TIPS was performed. Variceal embolization was based on post-TIPS portography using a metal coil (Cook, Bloomington, USA), glue (Guangzhou Baiyun, Guangdong, China), or a metal coil plus glue.

Data Collection and Follow-Up

Clinical, epidemiologic, laboratory, and radiologic data were extracted from the medical records of the patients, including demographics, etiology of cirrhosis, previous splenectomy, history of diabetes, history of overt HE, and laboratory testing results (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, international normalized ratio, platelet, hemoglobin, white blood cell, creatinine, and total bilirubin). Child–Pugh score, Child–Pugh class, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score were also calculated for each patient. The following TIPS outcomes were assessed in the entire cohort: duration of follow-up, indications for TIPS, refractory ascites, variceal bleeding (gastric plus esophageal), 90-day mortality, mortality (liver failure, multiorgan failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome, sepsis, cerebral hemorrhage, or unknown), stent (8 or 10 mm), overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE), recurrent variceal bleeding, recurrent ascites, antiplatelet treatments (aspirin or aspirin plus dipyridamole), percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization (PTVE) (coil, glue, or glue plus coil), portosystemic gradient before TIPS, portosystemic gradient after TIPS, LT, and shunt dysfunction. The presence of PVT was determined according to computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by portal angiography at the time of TIPS creation. Follow-up visits were performed when patients presented to the follow-up clinic and were scheduled 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after TIPS and every 6 months thereafter. Clinical, laboratory, and liver CTA evaluations were performed at each visit, and the occurrence of any liver-related complications since the last visit was collected by the clinical research coordinator. Patients underwent follow-up until death, LT, or the end date of the study on January 31, 2018.

Statistical Analysis

All continuous variables are presented as the mean ± SD, and categorical variables are expressed as counts and frequencies. Student's t-test or a chi-square test was used to compare the significant differences between groups where appropriate. Survival was calculated as the time from TIPS creation to the time of death, transplantation, or the last follow-up. Survival curves and the cumulative incidence of shunt dysfunction curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the differences were compared using the log-rank test. Risk factors associated with survival were explored using the Cox hazard multivariate regression model. To rule out the effect that splenectomy might have in our findings, we also performed the analysis excluding patients who had undergone splenectomy. We regard a two-tailed p < 0.05 as statistically significant. All the statistical analyses were conducted with R 3.5.0 (18).

Results

Baseline Characteristics

A total of 208 patients underwent TIP creation, but five patients experienced technical failure of TIPS, including two in the non-PVT group and three in the PVT group. Finally, a total of 203 patients who underwent TIP creation, including 72 patients with PVT, were included in our analysis. Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics of the patients and comparisons between the two groups. Age (P = 0.736) and sex (P = 0.424) were similar between the two groups. Hepatitis B, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)/cryptogenesis, and liver disease caused by alcohol were identified as the most common causes of cirrhosis. The prevalence of hepatitis B infection, NASH/cryptogenesis, and liver disease due to alcohol consumption were generally comparable between the PVT and no-PVT groups [(58.3 vs. 52.7%, P = 0.594), (15.1 vs. 11.5%, P = 0.321), and (16.7 vs. 16.8%, P = 0.672), respectively].

Comparing the two groups of patients, the PVT group had a greater proportion of patients with a history of splenectomy (25.0 vs. 6.8%, P < 0.001). History of diabetes and OHE did not significantly differ between PVT and no-PVT groups [(15.2 vs. 21.4%, P = 0.262) and (2.3 vs. 4.6%, P = 0.324)]. The following laboratory parameters were collected before TIPS: AST, ALT, albumin, INR, WBC, PLT, HB, creatinine, and total bilirubin. The PVT group had higher platelet counts (107.2 ± 82.4 vs. 65.4 ± 37.7, P < 0.001), but no obvious differences in other parameters were noted between the two groups. Child–Pugh, MELD, and ECOG scores were similar between the PVT and no-PVT groups [(6.8 ± 1.3 vs. 6.8 ± 1.4 P = 0.632), (10.9 ± 3.0 vs. 11.1 ± 3.3, P = 0.324), and (1.05 ± 0.27 vs. 1.05 ± 0.23, P = 0.703), respectively].

Morbidity Following TIPS

During the mean follow-up time of 19.5 ± 12.8 months, 21 (10.3%) patients died. The cause of death included liver failure in eight patients (3.9%), multiorgan failure in six (2.9%), gastrointestinal bleeding in two (0.9%), hepatorenal syndrome in one (0.5%), sepsis in one (0.5%), cerebral hemorrhage in one (0.5%), and other conditions in two (0.9%). The cumulative incidence of death at 90 days and in the overall follow-up period was not significantly different between the PVT and no-PVT groups [(2.6 vs. 7.5%, P = 0.206) and (10.3 vs. 16.4%, P = 0.134), respectively] (Table 2, Figure 1). No significant difference was observed in the proportion of patients experiencing transplantation between the PVT and no-PVT groups (9.0 vs. 5.5%, P = 0.319).

Figure 1

Univariate analysis showed that age (per year increase), refractory ascites requiring TIPS, variceal bleeding (gastric plus esophageal) as an indication for TIPS, creatinine, MELD score, and ECOG score was associated with mortality risk. The Cox hazard multivariate regression model showed that only older age (hazard ratio (HR), 1.05; 95% CI, 1.04–1.09), higher MELD score (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.08–1.41), and refractory ascites requiring TIPS (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.32–0.65) were statistically significant predictors of mortality (Table 3). In addition, the usage of glue in PTVE (HR, 0.31 95% CI, 0.08–1.18) may improve overall survival compared with coil alone in PTVE (HR, 0.66 95% CI, 0.14–3.16).

Post-operative Complications and Shunt Dysfunction

Figure 2 presents an example of a patient with PVT in the main portal vein, and the superior mesenteric vein was treated with TIPS. All 203 patients successfully accepted TIPS between January 2015 and January 2018. Variceal bleeding (gastric plus esophageal) was the main indication for TIPS, accounting for 97.2 and 87.0% of patients with and without PVT, respectively (P = 0.018). The PSG was 25.3 ± 5.6 mmHg before TIPS and 10.5 ± 5.8 mmHg after TIPS. The PSG values in patients with and without PVT were similar before (P = 0.234) and after TIPS establishment (P = 0.432). The diameter of the stent required to achieve the desired reduction in the PSG was not significantly different between the PVT and no-PVT groups (P = 0.622). The main complications of TIPS, including recurrent variceal bleeding, recurrent ascites, and overt HE, were similar between the two groups (16.7 vs. 16.7%, P = 0.998; 2.7 vs. 3.8%, P = 0.678; and 19.4 vs. 22.9%, P = 0.632, respectively) (Table 2).

Figure 2

During the follow-up period, 15 (7.4%) patients reported one or more episodes of shunt dysfunction. No significant difference in the cumulative incidence of shunt dysfunction was noted between the two groups during the follow-up period (9.7 vs. 6.7%, P = 0.214) (Table 2, Figure 3). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that 8-mm stent diameter (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.09–1.41) were associated with increased shunt dysfunction risk during follow-up (Table 4).

Figure 3

Discussion

In the past, PVT was considered a relative contraindication to TIPS; however, many previous studies have shown that similar outcomes were reported in patients with non-oncologic PVT and those without PVT after the creation of TIPS (13, 19, 20). A recent systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that TIPSs in patients with PVT yielded satisfactory outcomes. For example, the 1-year portal vein recanalization rate was 77.7%, the TIPS patency rate was 84.2%, and the overall 1-year survival was 87.4% (21). The results from our retrospective study also suggest that TIPS represents an alternative for the treatment of refractory ascites and variceal bleeding (gastric plus esophageal) in patients with cirrhosis with PVT. These findings based on the results of our study revealed no statistically significant difference in recurrent variceal bleeding, recurrent ascites, OHE, or shunt dysfunction between the PVT and no-PVT groups.

The mortality, complication, and shunt dysfunction rates reported in our study align with those reported in previous studies (22, 23). Our results indicate that age, MELD score, and refractory ascites requiring TIPS were risk factors for mortality in multivariate analysis. PVT is not a risk factor for mortality after TIPS. Comparisons of high-risk factors for mortality have revealed differences in some epidemiological data (age, MELD score, and refractor ascites). Mortality after TIPS increases, and this finding is closely related to increasing MELD scores, which is consistent with that reported in previous literature (23, 24). PVT increased the risk of variceal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis (25), especially in cases of portal cavernoma and acute PVT with an increase in portal hypertension, which may cause life-threatening acute refractory variceal bleeding in those with refractory ascites (26). Thus, these patients might be at a high risk and receive benefits from TIPS insertion via resolution of the thrombosed portal vein and simultaneous reductions in the PSG. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that refractory ascites before TIPS may be associated with poor mortality. We believe there may be one possible explanation for this finding. The refractory ascites requiring TIPS, criteria for patient selection, can improve survival, as previously reported in the literature (3). For example, most patients were <65 years old, classified with an early stage (Child B) of disease, and did not experience prior encephalopathy, which might partially explain these excellent results (27). However, most of the patients with refractory ascites requiring TIPS in our entire cohort were classified as Child C or were elderly patients. In addition, the number of patients in this study was small, and so these patients may have had worse mortality. Our results showed that 15 (7.4%) of the entire cohort experienced shunt dysfunction, and this prevalence is lower than results from previous studies (23).

Multivariate analysis showed that smaller stent diameters were associated with increased shunt dysfunction risk in the follow-up, which is consistent with previous studies (25). The choice of stent diameter (8 vs. 10 mm) remains controversial in the literature, and there is no consensus. A previous clinical trial suggested that the use of 8-mm diameter stents for TIPS construction leads to unsatisfactory control of portal hypertension with recurrence or persistence of complications in the majority of patients (28). However, a recent clinical trial suggested that TIPS with 8-mm diameter covered stents showed similar shunt function to TIPS with 10-mm diameter stents (29). In addition, recent studies have revealed that a smaller 8-mm diameter (V. S 10-mm diameter) TIPS stent graft appears to improve patient outcomes, such as survival (30, 31). The inconsistent findings may be due to the heterogeneity of patients and the small sample size in different studies. Therefore, further clinical trials on this topic based on restricted inclusion criteria and larger sample sizes are warranted.

Our study reveals that the usage of glue in PTVE may improve overall survival and prevent shunt dysfunction, which may be preferable over coil embolization alone. This finding was consistent with the results of a recent study (32). One explanation for this finding may be that, due to the physical properties of the glue embolization material, it may propagate more readily and thoroughly into the network of PTVE, thus, leading to a cast-like formation accumulating in the periphery of PTVE. However, in practice it is more challenging to use fluid embolism materials, particularly glue, and these are more prone to off-target embolism. Coils are more precise and easier to apply, especially if removable coils are used. In addition, the cost for glue and coils (pushable and detachable) may vary in different countries. Therefore, the decision for either embolization method needs to take these regional conditions into account.

Overt hepatic encephalopathy post-TIPS occurred in 21.6% of patients in our study, and this finding is consistent with the literature (20, 33). Our results also demonstrated that PVT is not related to the incidence of OHE after TIPS. Furthermore, no patient who required a small shunt diameter developed refractory hepatic encephalopathy, and this finding may be because we excluded patients with spontaneous or recent HE. However, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) (34) suggested that either lactitol or rifaximin was not able to prevent post-TIPS encephalopathy. We still routinely prescribed lactulose and/or lactic acid powder to all patients post-TIPS to reduce the time of feces in the gut. To date, post-TIPS OHE remains a problem associated with the use of ePTFE-covered stents (19). In the future, multidisciplinary cooperative analyses will be required to identify a better method to prevent and treat post-TIPS OHE. Our study also revealed that the rates of recurrent variceal bleeding and recurrent ascites after TIPS creation were similar to those reported in previous literature (35, 36). No difference was noted between the PVT group and the no-PVT group. Patients with TIPS and PVT in principle still received antiplatelet treatment in our study useless they were evaluated as having a high risk of rebleeding.

In total, 15 (7.4%) patients (seven (9.7%) in the PVT group and eight (6.1%) in the no-PVT group) cohort exhibited shunt dysfunction, and the cumulative incidence of shunt dysfunction among the entire cohort in the overall follow-up period was not significantly different between the PVT and no-PVT groups. This percentage is less than that reported for covered stents in patients with cirrhosis with or without PVT in the literature (37). In total, fifteen patients with shunt dysfunction were successfully treated, including eight patients who underwent balloon angioplasty treatment with stent placement, five patients who underwent balloon angioplasty treatment without stent placement, and two patients who were treated with parallel TIPS. As expected, an increased rate of portal vein recanalization was observed in our entire cohort, which may be largely due to the increased flow velocity established by TIPS as it promotes mechanical lysis of residual non-occlusive thrombi (the so-called “washout effect”) (19, 20, 38, 39).

There are several limitations of our study. First, our study was a retrospective analysis, which was conducted in a single center with a limited sample size. The majority of included patients had hepatitis B-related cirrhosis. Therefore, the generalization of our findings to other settings, especially Western countries, is difficult. International, multicenter, and large-sample studies may be needed in the future to better understand the effectiveness of TIPs. Second, the epidemiological features noted in the large proportion of patients in our study included HBV-related cirrhosis, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to patients with cirrhosis for other reasons. Third, an ePTFE-covered stent combined with a bare stent was implanted during the TIPS procedure rather than a Viatorr-covered stent that was not available in China during the study period. Fourth, patients with acute bleeding during TIPS creation require urgent treatment. However, acute bleeding is an indication for emergency TIPS, which may lead to differences in procedural urgency.

In conclusion, our study shows that TIPS is feasible in the management of cirrhosis with PVT. No significant differences in survival and shunt dysfunction were noted between the PVT and no-PVT groups. Age, MELD score, and refractory ascites requiring TIPS were risk factors for mortality. A history of diabetes, PTVE, 8-mm diameter stent, and PLT increase the risk of shunt dysfunction. The occurrence of recurrent variceal bleeding, recurrent ascites, and OHE was similar between the two groups. Therefore, TIPS could be considered an alternative treatment option in cirrhosis patients with PVT.

Funding

The present work was funded by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. LZ18H180001), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81971713), the National S&T Major Project of China (No. 2018ZX10301201), Grant from the Health Commission of Zhejiang Province (JBZX-202004), the Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment For Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), the Key Research Development Program of Zhejiang province (Grant No. 2018C03018), the Key Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang province (No. WKJ-ZJ-1923), and the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2017YFC0114102).

Publisher's Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

References

• 1.

  HardingDJPereraMTPRChenFOlliffSTripathiD. Portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: controversies and latest developments. World J Gastroenterol. (2015) 21:6769–84. 10.3748/wjg.v21.i22.6769

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 2.

  Rodríguez-CastroKIPorteRJNadalEGermaniGBurraPSenzoloM. Management of nonneoplastic portal vein thrombosis in the setting of liver transplantation: a systematic review. Transplantation. (2012) 94:1145–53. 10.1097/TP.0b013e31826e8e53

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 3.

  BureauCThabutDObertiFDharancySCarbonellNBouvierAet al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with covered stents increase transplant-free survival of patients with cirrhosis and recurrent ascites. Gastroenterology. (2017) 152:157–63. 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.016

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 4.

  NeryFChevretSCondatBde RaucourtEBoudaoudLRautouP-Eet al. Causes and consequences of portal vein thrombosis in 1,243 patients with cirrhosis: results of a longitudinal study. Hepatology. (2015) 61:660–7. 10.1002/hep.27546

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 5.

  NjeiBMcCartyTRLaineL. Early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in US patients hospitalized with acute esophageal variceal bleeding. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2017) 32:852–8. 10.1111/jgh.13593

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 6.

  SobhonslidsukAReddyKR. Portal vein thrombosis: a concise review. Am J Gastroenterol. (2002) 97:535–41. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05527.x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 7.

  AmitranoLGuardascioneMABrancaccioVMargaglioneMMangusoFIannacconeLet al. Risk factors and clinical presentation of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol. (2004) 40:736–41. 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.01.001

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 8.

  ZoccoMADi StasioEDe CristofaroRNoviMAinoraMEPonzianiFet al. Thrombotic risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis: correlation with MELD scoring system and portal vein thrombosis development. J Hepatol. (2009) 51:682–9. 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.03.013

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 9.

  GhazalehSBeranAAburayyanKNehmeCPatelDKhaderYet al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in non-malignant portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Gastroenterol. (2021) 34:104–10. 10.20524/aog.2020.0544

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 10.

  QiXDe StefanoVLiHDaiJGuoXFanD. Anticoagulation for the treatment of portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Intern Med. (2015) 26:23–9. 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.12.002

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 11.

  CaiMZhuKHuangWMengXHeKZhouBet al. Portal vein thrombosis after partial splenic embolization in liver cirrhosis: efficacy of anticoagulation and long-term follow-up. J Vasc Interv Radiol. (2013) 24:1808–16. 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.08.018

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 12.

  SenzoloMTibbalsJCholongitasETriantosCKBurroughsAKPatchD. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal vein thrombosis with and without cavernous transformation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (2006) 23:767–75. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02820.x

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 13.

  LucaAMiragliaRCarusoSMilazzoMSapereCMaruzzelliLet al. Short- and long-term effects of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis. Gut. (2011) 60:846–52. 10.1136/gut.2010.228023

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 14.

  RössleM. TIPS: 25 years later. J Hepatol. (2013) 59:1081–93. 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.06.014

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 15.

  HanGQiXGuoWNiuJBaiMFanD. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis. Gut. (2012) 61:326–7. 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300577

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 16.

  PiscagliaFGianstefaniARavaioliMGolfieriRCappelliAGiampalmaEet al. Criteria for diagnosing benign portal vein thrombosis in the assessment of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. (2010) 16:658–67. 10.1002/lt.22044

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 17.

  LuoXZhaoMWangXJiangMYuJLiXet al. Long-term patency and clinical outcome of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt using the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene stent-graft. PLoS ONE. (2019) 14:e0212658. 10.1371/journal.pone.0212658

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 18.

  R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. (2018).

  • Google Scholar

• 19.

  HanGQiXHeCYinZWangJXiaJet al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal vein thrombosis with symptomatic portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol. (2011) 54:78–88. 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.06.029

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 20.

  TanHKJamesPDSnidermanKWWongF. Long-term clinical outcome of patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2015) 30:389–95. 10.1111/jgh.12725

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 21.

  ZhangJBChenJZhouJWangXMChenSChuJGet al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis. World J Clin Cases. (2021) 9:5179–90. 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.5179

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 22.

  ChalasaniNClarkWSMartinLGKameanJKhanMAPatelNHet al. Determinants of mortality in patients with advanced cirrhosis after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting. Gastroenterology. (2000) 118:138–44. 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70422-7

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 23.

  LvYHeCWangZGuoWWangJBaiWet al. Association of nonmalignant portal vein thrombosis and outcomes after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis. Radiology. (2017) 285:999–1010. 10.1148/radiol.2017162266

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 24.

  MerolaJFortuneBEDengYCiarleglioMAmirbekianSChaudharyNet al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for cirrhotic portal hypertension is well tolerated among patients with portal vein thrombosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2018) 30:668–75. 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001097

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 25.

  RiggioORidolaLLucidiCAngeloniS. Emerging issues in the use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for management of portal hypertension: time to update the guidelines?Dig Liver Dis. (2010) 42:462–7. 10.1016/j.dld.2009.11.007

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 26.

  PerarnauJ-MBajuAD'AlterocheLViguierJAyoubJ. Feasibility and long-term evolution of TIPS in cirrhotic patients with portal thrombosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2010) 22:1093–8. 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328338d995

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 27.

  SalernoFCammàCEneaMRössleMWongF. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Gastroenterology. (2007) 133:825–34. 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.020

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 28.

  RiggioORidolaLAngeloniSCeriniFPasqualeCAttiliAFet al. Clinical efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt created with covered stents with different diameters: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol. (2010) 53:267–72. 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.02.033

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 29.

  WangQLvYBaiMWangZLiuHHeCet al. Eight millimetre covered TIPS does not compromise shunt function but reduces hepatic encephalopathy in preventing variceal rebleeding. J Hepatol. (2017) 67:508–16. 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.006

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 30.

  PraktiknjoMAbu-OmarJChangJThomasDJansenCKupczykPet al. Controlled underdilation using novel VIATORR(R) controlled expansion stents improves survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt implantation. JHEP Rep. (2021) 3:100264. 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100264

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 31.

  TrebickaJBastgenDByrtusJPraktiknjoMTerstiegenSMeyerCet al. Smaller-diameter covered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stents are associated with increased survival. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. (2019) 17:2793–9.e1. 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.03.042

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 32.

  WolterKPraktiknjoMBoieJDeckerGNadalJJansenCet al. Glue embolization of gastroesophageal varices during Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) improves survival compared to coil-only embolization-a single-center retrospective study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. (2021) 44:1240–50. 10.1007/s00270-021-02852-y

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 33.

  HolsterILTjwaETTLMoelkerAWilsAHansenBEVermeijdenJRet al. Covered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus endoscopic therapy + β-blocker for prevention of variceal rebleeding. Hepatology. (2016) 63:581–9. 10.1002/hep.28318

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 34.

  RiggioOMasiniAEfratiCNicolaoFAngeloniSSalvatoriFMet al. Pharmacological prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a randomized controlled study. J Hepatol. (2005) 42:674–9. 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.12.028

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 35.

  QiXHeCGuoWYinZWangJWangZet al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal vein thrombosis with variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis: outcomes and predictors in a prospective cohort study. Liver Int. (2016) 36:667–76. 10.1111/liv.12929

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 36.

  LucaAD'AmicoGLa GallaRMidiriMMorabitoAPagliaroL. TIPS for prevention of recurrent bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Radiology. (1999) 212:411–21. 10.1148/radiology.212.2.r99au46411

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 37.

  WangZJiangM-SZhangH-LWengN-NLuoX-FLiXet al. Is post-TIPS anticoagulation therapy necessary in patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis? A randomized controlled trial. Radiology. (2016) 279:943–51. 10.1148/radiol.2015150369

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 38.

  ThornburgBDesaiKHickeyRKulikLGangerDBakerTet al. Portal vein recanalization and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for chronic portal vein thrombosis: technical considerations. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. (2016) 19:52–60. 10.1053/j.tvir.2016.01.006

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 39.

  SalemRVoucheMBakerTHerreroJICaicedoJCFryerJet al. Pretransplant portal vein recanalization-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with complete obliterative portal vein thrombosis. Transplantation. (2015) 99:2347–55. 10.1097/TP.0000000000000729

  • Pubmed Abstract
  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar