%A Richter,Hanno %A Molitor,Bastian %A Diender,Martijn %A Sousa,Diana Z. %A Angenent,Largus T. %D 2016 %J Frontiers in Microbiology %C %F %G English %K alcohol,butanol,Hexanol,octanol,Syngas fermentation,Clostridium ljungdahlii,Clostridium kluyveri,co-culture,Butyrate,Caproate %Q %R 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01773 %W %L %M %P %7 %8 2016-November-08 %9 Original Research %+ Largus T. Angenent,Department for Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University,Ithaca, NY, USA,l.angenent@uni-tuebingen.de %+ Largus T. Angenent,Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University,Ithaca, NY, USA,l.angenent@uni-tuebingen.de %# %! Butanol, hexanol, and octanol from syngas with a co-culture %* %< %T A Narrow pH Range Supports Butanol, Hexanol, and Octanol Production from Syngas in a Continuous Co-culture of Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium kluyveri with In-Line Product Extraction %U https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01773 %V 7 %0 JOURNAL ARTICLE %@ 1664-302X %X Carboxydotrophic bacteria (CTB) have received attention due to their ability to synthesize commodity chemicals from producer gas and synthesis gas (syngas). CTB have an important advantage of a high product selectivity compared to chemical catalysts. However, the product spectrum of wild-type CTB is narrow. Our objective was to investigate whether a strategy of combining two wild-type bacterial strains into a single, continuously fed bioprocessing step would be promising to broaden the product spectrum. Here, we have operated a syngas-fermentation process with Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium kluyveri with in-line product extraction through gas stripping and product condensing within the syngas recirculation line. The main products from C. ljungdahlii fermentation at a pH of 6.0 were ethanol and acetate at net volumetric production rates of 65.5 and 431 mmol C·L−1·d−1, respectively. An estimated 2/3 of total ethanol produced was utilized by C. kluyveri to chain elongate with the reverse β-oxidation pathway, resulting in n-butyrate and n-caproate at net rates of 129 and 70 mmol C·L−1·d−1, respectively. C. ljungdahlii likely reduced the produced carboxylates to their corresponding alcohols with the reductive power from syngas. This resulted in the longer-chain alcohols n-butanol, n-hexanol, and n-octanol at net volumetric production rates of 39.2, 31.7, and 0.045 mmol C·L−1·d−1, respectively. The continuous production of the longer-chain alcohols occurred only within a narrow pH spectrum of 5.7–6.4 due to the pH discrepancy between the two strains. Regardless whether other wild-type strains could overcome this pH discrepancy, the specificity (mol carbon in product per mol carbon in all other liquid products) for each longer-chain alcohol may never be high in a single bioprocessing step. This, because two bioprocesses compete for intermediates (i.e., carboxylates): (1) chain elongation; and (2) biological reduction. This innate competition resulted in a mixture of n-butanol and n-hexanol with traces of n-octanol.