%A Richter,Hanno
%A Molitor,Bastian
%A Diender,Martijn
%A Sousa,Diana Z.
%A Angenent,Largus T.
%D 2016
%J Frontiers in Microbiology
%C
%F
%G English
%K alcohol,butanol,Hexanol,octanol,Syngas fermentation,Clostridium ljungdahlii,Clostridium kluyveri,co-culture,Butyrate,Caproate
%Q
%R 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01773
%W
%L
%M
%P
%7
%8 2016-November-08
%9 Original Research
%+ Largus T. Angenent,Department for Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University,Ithaca, NY, USA,l.angenent@uni-tuebingen.de
%+ Largus T. Angenent,Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University,Ithaca, NY, USA,l.angenent@uni-tuebingen.de
%#
%! Butanol, hexanol, and octanol from syngas with a co-culture
%*
%<
%T A Narrow pH Range Supports Butanol, Hexanol, and Octanol Production from Syngas in a Continuous Co-culture of Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium kluyveri with In-Line Product Extraction
%U https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01773
%V 7
%0 JOURNAL ARTICLE
%@ 1664-302X
%X Carboxydotrophic bacteria (CTB) have received attention due to their ability to synthesize commodity chemicals from producer gas and synthesis gas (syngas). CTB have an important advantage of a high product selectivity compared to chemical catalysts. However, the product spectrum of wild-type CTB is narrow. Our objective was to investigate whether a strategy of combining two wild-type bacterial strains into a single, continuously fed bioprocessing step would be promising to broaden the product spectrum. Here, we have operated a syngas-fermentation process with Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium kluyveri with in-line product extraction through gas stripping and product condensing within the syngas recirculation line. The main products from C. ljungdahlii fermentation at a pH of 6.0 were ethanol and acetate at net volumetric production rates of 65.5 and 431 mmol C·L−1·d−1, respectively. An estimated 2/3 of total ethanol produced was utilized by C. kluyveri to chain elongate with the reverse β-oxidation pathway, resulting in n-butyrate and n-caproate at net rates of 129 and 70 mmol C·L−1·d−1, respectively. C. ljungdahlii likely reduced the produced carboxylates to their corresponding alcohols with the reductive power from syngas. This resulted in the longer-chain alcohols n-butanol, n-hexanol, and n-octanol at net volumetric production rates of 39.2, 31.7, and 0.045 mmol C·L−1·d−1, respectively. The continuous production of the longer-chain alcohols occurred only within a narrow pH spectrum of 5.7–6.4 due to the pH discrepancy between the two strains. Regardless whether other wild-type strains could overcome this pH discrepancy, the specificity (mol carbon in product per mol carbon in all other liquid products) for each longer-chain alcohol may never be high in a single bioprocessing step. This, because two bioprocesses compete for intermediates (i.e., carboxylates): (1) chain elongation; and (2) biological reduction. This innate competition resulted in a mixture of n-butanol and n-hexanol with traces of n-octanol.