Lorenzo Drago
Carlo Luca Romanò- 1Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- 2Orthopaedic Department, Monza Polyclinic—San Gaudenzio Hospital, Novara, Italy
A Commentary on
Challenges in the Microbiological Diagnosis of Implant-Associated Infections: A Summary of the Current Knowledge
by Oliva, A., Miele, M. C., Al Ismail, D., Di Timoteo, F., De Angelis, M., Rosa, L., et al. Front. Microbiol. 12:750460. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.750460
Introduction
Bacteria embedded in biofilms are difficult to be dislodged and identified by traditional microbiological techniques. To detect the true pathogens, disruption and demolition of the biofilms is then proposed by different means (Drago, 2017).
This commentary builds upon the recent paper by Oliva et al. (2021). The authors conducted an acute analysis of the various microbiological methods to diagnose implant-related infections, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques today available.
However, we think some points that may have a great relevance for daily clinical activity need to be better clarified and discussed.
DTT and Sonication are Bacterial Culture–Based Methods
The first point that we find questionable is the definition of the “dithiothreitol assay” as a “non-culture based method,” at variance with sonication, which is instead considered a “culture based” one.
Both methods are “culture-based” because they both aim at dislodging bacteria from a given sample—dithiothreitol by chemical means, sonication by physical action—with the resulting processed fluid from both procedures requiring further culture to identify the pathogen(s).
No substantial difference can be found between sonication and dithiothreitol regarding the need for microbiological examination and concerning the possible choice of the microbiological technique used to identify the pathogen (traditional culture, molecular, or other) (Drago et al., 2013; De Vecchi et al., 2016; Villa et al., 2017).
In fact, both antibiofilm processing methods require a subsequent bacterial cultural examination, which can be chosen among all of those currently and routinely available in laboratories as both sonication and dithiothreitol only provide bacteria dislodgment from the biofilms prior to culture.
Hence, in our opinion, the classification of sonication and dithiothreitol under different chapters, “culture based methods” and “non-culture based methods,” appears not correct and needs to be rectified or at least better explained by the authors.
An incorrect classification not only has an impact from didactic and scientific points of view, but it may also induce the readers to choose one technique over the other on the basis of a false difference between pretreatments, thus compromising the diagnostic process in the clinical setting.
DTT at 0.1% Does Not Affect Microbial Viability
A second and even more important point that we think should be amended concerns the statement from the authors concerning “the toxic effect on bacterial cells, possibly misreporting the results of the DTT fluid culture and, thus, creating false negatives,” which is reported in the text and in Table 1 of the paper.
Table 1. Clinical use of DTT pretreatment to dislodge microorganisms in biological samples.
The authors do not support this statement with any reference, and as far as we know, there is, in fact, no reference that dithiothreitol, when used at the concentration normally employed in the clinical setting for diagnostic purposes (0.1% or 1 g/L), has any impact on bacteria viability.
In fact, the only reference concerning an in vitro bacterial inhibition of DTT for E. coli is reported at very high concentrations of this compound (Gill et al., 1998), which are several times more than the concentrations used in the clinical setting. The authors state indeed that 0 (without DTT), 0.25, 2.0 g/L did not affect microbial yields and were not significantly different than 0.5 and 1.0 g/L experiments, respectively.
This is very similar to what can be found for sonication, which is known to have the ability to kill bacteria (Kamineni and Huang, 2019) and requires an accurate choice of the ultrasound parameters to avoid bacterial growth inhibition (Monsen et al., 2009), and even when properly used, it may still induce phenotype changes in E. coli that may render challenging the microbiological diagnosis (Sendi et al., 2010).
The hypothesis that dithiothreitol may have a toxic effect is clearly contradicted by the same literature that the authors cite, including the large clinical trials performed by Sambri et al. (2018) and by Kolenda et al. (2021) as well as other relevant studies (Table 1).
How can be DTT toxic for bacteria and, at the same time, increase the sensitivity of cultural examination compared with traditional tissue cultures and sonication?
Even one of the most recent studies, performed on collection strains and not on clinical isolates (Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 53278), shows how planktonic bacteria viability after exposure to dithiothreitol is exactly the same as that found after exposure to sonication and even to NaCl 0.9% alone (Karbysheva et al., 2020).
Dithiothreitol has been effectively used for decades in the analysis of sputa for the diagnosis of broncho-pneumonia, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is well-known among microbiologists as one of the most labile bacteria (Cleland, 1964; Shah and Dye, 1966; Hirsh et al., 1969; Reep and Kaplan, 1972; Isenberg, 1994; Goglio et al., 1996).
It is worth noting that the concentration of dithiothreitol to diagnose pneumonia (0.1%) is the same as that used to pretreat orthopedic samples: If this concentration was toxic, it would be even more for the S. pneumoniae, considered one of the most difficult bacteria to grow and to keep alive due to its lability.
DTT is indeed also used to improve diagnosis of the microbiome respiratory tract as well as for viruses (Terranova et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2018).
Discussion
Sonication and DTT are both pretreatment techniques aimed at dislodging microorganisms from biofilms to enhance the accuracy of implant- and biofilm-related infection diagnoses. Both procedures should be classified as “culture-based” as they both require cultural examination to provide their diagnostic output, that is, pathogen identification and antibiotic sensitivity analysis.
The statement “the toxic effect on bacterial cells, possibly misreporting the results of the DTT fluid culture and, thus, creating false negatives,” to the best of our knowledge, is not supported by scientific evidence: There is no demonstration of any bacterial toxicity of dithiothreitol when used at the same concentrations adopted to diagnose implant-related infections in orthopedics and cardiovascular surgery (0.1%).
The abovementioned statement may be misleading for clinicians and may have a detrimental impact on the diagnostic algorithms implemented in many laboratories and should, hence, eventually point out that this may be the case if wrong concentrations are used, exactly as happens when sonication is improperly administered.
A last remark is worth making concerning the final statement of the authors that “additional studies evaluating the role of DTT in IAIs other than PJIs are warranted.” Although the literature on applications of DTT to diagnose implant-related infections would certainly benefit from additional studies, some papers, showing the efficacy of DTT pretreatment in cardiovascular surgery (Rimoldi et al., 2016; Fontana et al., 2017), should also be mentioned.
In conclusion, there is no scientific evidence that DTT, when properly used, affects microbial viability. Biofilm- and implant-related infections are constantly looking for definitive and resolutive diagnostic approaches, and it is hence of utmost importance to pay attention when dealing with these topics, certainly controversial and to be further improved.
Author Contributions
LD and CLR have conceived the opinion paper and collected the relevant literature data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
LD and CR are the co-inventors of MicroDTTect (a closed system containing DTT used for collection and processing removed devices and tissues) and perceive royalties.
Publisher's Note
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Keywords: biofilm, implant related infections, orthopedic infections, diagnosis, DTT, sonication
Citation: Drago L and Romanò CL (2022) Commentary: Dithiothreitol (DTT), When Used as Biofilm Detaching Method to Diagnose Implant-Associated Infections, Does Not Affect Microorganisms' Viability, According to the Current Literature. Front. Microbiol. 12:814945. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.814945
Received: 14 November 2021; Accepted: 27 December 2021;
Published: 24 February 2022.
Edited by:
Giovanni Di Bonaventura, University of Studies G. D'Annunzio Chieti and Pescara, ItalyCopyright © 2022 Drago and Romanò. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Lorenzo Drago, Lorenzo.drago@unimi.it