@ARTICLE{10.3389/fnins.2019.01146, AUTHOR={Knolle, Franziska and Schwartze, Michael and Schröger, Erich and Kotz, Sonja A.}, TITLE={Auditory Predictions and Prediction Errors in Response to Self-Initiated Vowels}, JOURNAL={Frontiers in Neuroscience}, VOLUME={13}, YEAR={2019}, URL={https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2019.01146}, DOI={10.3389/fnins.2019.01146}, ISSN={1662-453X}, ABSTRACT={It has been suggested that speech production is accomplished by an internal forward model, reducing processing activity directed to self-produced speech in the auditory cortex. The current study uses an established N1-suppression paradigm comparing self- and externally initiated natural speech sounds to answer two questions: (1) Are forward predictions generated to process complex speech sounds, such as vowels, initiated via a button press? (2) Are prediction errors regarding self-initiated deviant vowels reflected in the corresponding ERP components? Results confirm an N1-suppression in response to self-initiated speech sounds. Furthermore, our results suggest that predictions leading to the N1-suppression effect are specific, as self-initiated deviant vowels do not elicit an N1-suppression effect. Rather, self-initiated deviant vowels elicit an enhanced N2b and P3a compared to externally generated deviants, externally generated standard, or self-initiated standards, again confirming prediction specificity. Results show that prediction errors are salient in self-initiated auditory speech sounds, which may lead to more efficient error correction in speech production.} }