Effects of Hypotonic and Isotonic Enteral Electrolyte Solutions Administered in Continuous Flow in Weaned Foals

Introduction

Foals are more sensitive to hydro electrolytic imbalances than adult horses because they have a higher percent of water in the body, higher metabolic rates, and greater insensible water losses (1). The first year of the foal's life is the most critical period, with the greatest morbidity. Diarrhea, enteritis and bronchopneumonia are the main diseases that affect these animals and trigger hydro electrolytic and base-acid imbalances, and dehydration (2, 3). The presence of these changes makes it mandatory to use fluid therapy with electrolytic solutions to correct these disorders.

In horses, enteral fluid therapy (EFT) by nasogastric route in bolus or continuous flow is an important hydration method. It is effective for patient rehydration, expansion of blood volume, and correction of electrolyte and acid-base imbalances in various animal species (4–7) and humans (8, 9). Based on the authors' clinical experience, EFT is a safe and effective method to correct dehydration in foals with adequate functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. However, it is not commonly used in foals, mainly in neonates, because reports of its use are not widespread in the literature and mainly because there are not commercial products available, due to an absence of experimental studies on maintenance enteral electrolyte solutions in foals.

Historically, it was assumed that isotonic electrolyte solutions with plasma-like osmolarity would improve intestinal absorption. Recent studies have shown that decreased tonicity of enteral rehydration solutions resulted in better effects on water and electrolyte absorption without causing adverse effects (10, 11).

There are no experimental studies in the literature evaluating isotonic or hypotonic enteral electrolyte solutions in foals and for this reason their maintenance fluid therapy requirements are unknown. On the other hand, studies in adult horses and animals of other species indicate that enteral maintenance electrolyte solutions should contain a lower concentration of sodium than plasma. Since foals can easily develop hypernatremia when receiving isotonic solutions, a study evaluating an electrolyte solution containing less sodium may open a new perspective for fluid therapy in foals. The aims of the study reported here were to compare the effects of two enteral electrolyte solutions containing different osmolarities on the hydro electrolytic balance of weaned foals.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design

This paper was a controlled trial in a cross-over design. Six healthy foals of the Mangalarga Marchador breed, of both sexes, with mean age of 7.3 ± 1.4 months and mean body weight of 165 ± 24.4 kg, were used in this study. All animals were considered healthy based on clinical and laboratory tests. The foals were kept in a paddock, fed concentrate (1% body weight), and supplied with Tyfton 85 hay, water, and mineral supplementation ad libitum.

The effects of two treatment solutions with the following compositions were evaluated: Isotonic Enteral Electrolyte Solution (IsoES): 4 g/L sodium chloride; 0.5 g/L potassium chloride, 0.3 g/L magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 2 g/L calcium acetate monohydrate, 4 g/L sodium acetate trihydrate and 10-g/L dextrose, with an osmolarity of 289 mOsm/L; and Hypotonic Enteral Electrolyte Solution (HypoES): 4 g/L sodium chloride; 0.5 g/L potassium chloride, 0.3 g/L magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 2 g/L calcium acetate monohydrate and 10 g/L dextrose, with an osmolarity of 225 mOsm/L. The concentrations of each electrolyte (mmol/L) in both treatments are demonstrated in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Components of enteral isotonic (IsoES) and hypotonic (HypoES) electrolyte solutions administered in continuous flow in foals.

The animals were randomly assigned into treatment groups in a cross-over design (6x2). Each animal received both treatments with intervals of seven days between them; this ensured that there was no overlap of effects. During the experimental period the animals were kept in stalls with dimensions of 4 x 4 meters. Before the start of fluid therapy, the animals were fasted from food and water for 12 h and kept in stalls with rubber mats to avoid bed intake. After the fasting period, a nasogastric tube was inserted (5 mm of internal diameter x 6 mm of external diameter and 1.5 m in length). The presence of the nasogastric tube in the stomach was confirmed by the return of gastric contents after aspiration. The tube was attached to the halter and connected to the enteral fluid therapy system, consisting of a reservoir with a 20 liters capacity connected to a 5-meter-long polyurethane coil infusion set with a drip chamber and a flow regulator (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. (A) Highlight for the fixation technique of the nasogastric probe to the halter and face of the animals. (B) Animals during enteral fluid therapy phase.

Both treatments were administered for 12 h in a continuous flow at 15 mL/kg/h, with the animals kept in stalls. The rate of 15 mL/kg/h was based on our clinical routine, in human medicine (12) and veterinary medicine clinical trials (5, 12–14). After the end of the fluid therapy period, the foals were released in a paddock where they received concentrate (at 0.5% body weight), Tifton 85 hay, water and mineral supplementation ad libitum.

Clinical Evaluations and Collection of Biological Samples

Clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed at the beginning of the fasting phase (T-12h), at starting of the fluid therapy phase (T0h), at 4 h (T4h), at 8 h (T8h) after fluid therapy began, at the end of fluid therapy (T12h), and 12 h after the end of fluid therapy (T24h). The clinical evaluation of the animals consisted of a determination of body weight (BW) measured on a mechanical scale, abdominal circumference (AC) measured with a tape measure in the paralumbar fossae at the 17th intercostal space, and the degree of enophthalmos (DE) classified into the following scores, as was described by Tremblay (1990): enophthalmos absent when there was no gap between the eyeball and the eye orbit (0), mild enophthalmos when there was a small noticeable gap between the eyeball and the eye orbit (1), moderate enophthalmos when there was a substantial gap between the eyeball and the eye orbit (2), intense enophthalmos when the eyes were deeply sunk in the eye orbit (3).

Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture with a vacuum system in tubes containing EDTA K2 for globular volume determination, performed by microhematocrit technique. To obtain serum, blood samples were collected in tubes with clot activator and were kept in a water bath at 37°C for 40 minutes for clot formation. Serum separation was performed by centrifugation and then stored at −20°C until analysis. Serum osmolarity was determined by freezing point depression (Osmometer 3320, Advanced Instruments Inc, Massachusetts, USA). Serum sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) concentrations were determined by flame photometry technique (Photometer B462, Micronal, São Paulo, Brazil). Measurement of serum chloride (Cl⁻) concentrations (Mercury Thiocyanate, Bioclin Quibasa, Minas Gerais, Brazil), total calcium (tCa²⁺) concentrations (Arsenazo III, Bioclin Quibasa, Minas Gerais, Brazil) and total magnesium (tMg²⁺) concentrations (Xylidyl Blue, Bioclin Quibasa, Minas Gerais, Brazil) were performed in an automatic clinical chemistry device (HumaStar 300 Automated Chemistry Analyzer, Human Diagnostics, Wiesbaden, Germany).

The collection of urine and feces were performed by spontaneous urination and defecation. The authors remained with the animals throughout the fluid therapy phase to collect these materials. In each urination, all the volume of urine produced was collected in buckets previously cleaned with distilled water and dried. All feces produced were collected in previously sanitized and dried plastic trays. At each urine and feces collection point the time and the total volume produced were recorded, then a sample was taken for analysis.

Urine and feces produced were collected at the moments: T-12h (urine obtained from one urination immediately before the onset of fasting from water and food); T0-2h (all the urine and feces produced in the first 2 h of fluid therapy); T2-6h (all urine and feces produced between 2 and 6 h of fluid therapy); T6-10h (all urine and feces produced between 6 and 10 h of fluid therapy); T10-12h (all urine and feces produced between 10 and 12 h of fluid therapy); and T24h (urine obtained from a urination 12 h after the end of fluid therapy).

The urinary volume produced in each of these intervals and the volume of water eliminated in the feces were divided by the hours of each interval (T0-2h/2 hours; T2-6h/4 hours; T6-10h/4 hours; T10-12h/2 hours). From this, the value of urinary output (mL/hour) and water loss in the feces of each animal, at each time and in each treatment was obtained. Urine analysis determined all volume of urine produced in each moment of urination, urine specific gravity (USG), and urinary excretion of sodium and potassium (Photometer B462, Micronal, São Paulo, Brazil), chloride, total calcium, and total magnesium.

Calculations

The determination of the strong ion difference (SID) values was performed using the serum concentrations of strong ions and according to the following equation (15):

$\begin{array}{l}SID\left(mmol/L\right)=\left[\left(N{a}^{+}\right)+\left(K^{+}\right)\right]-C{l}^{-}\end{array}$

The urinary excretion of electrolytes (C) was calculated according to the following formula:

$\begin{array}{l}C=U_x*V\end{array}$

where Ux is the mean concentration of the substance in the urine (mg/mL or mmol/mL) and V is the mean urinary flow at each time (mL/minute).

The volume of water in the feces was calculated by multiplying the total weight of feces produced in each defecation by its moisture content. To determine the feces moisture content (FMC) the samples were weighed in an aluminum tray (F1) and kept in a kiln at 80 °C until weight stabilization (F2). Then the feces moisture content was calculated by the difference between F1 and F2 according to the formula:

$\begin{array}{l}FMC=\frac{F_1-F_2}{F_1}*100\end{array}$

At each defecation the total volume of water in feces (WF) was determined by multiplying the FMC by the total weight of the feces (TWF).

$\begin{array}{l}WF=FMC*TWF\end{array}$

Statistical Analysis

Data were subjected to descriptive analysis to obtain means and standard deviations. The normality of the data distribution and the sphericity of the variances were evaluated with Shapiro-Wilk and Mauchly tests, respectively. The main effects of time, treatments, and interaction time ^* treatment were evaluated with an ANOVA based on a factorial planning of repeated measures. When necessary, a post hoc test of Least Significant Difference (LSD) was used to determine significance. For the variables that did not meet the ANOVA assumptions, the time effect was evaluated with a Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test followed by Dunn's post hoc test, and the effect of the treatment at each time was evaluated with a Wilcoxon's test. All analyses were performed with the SPSS 20 (IBM, SPSS, Chicago, USA) statistical package, and P values <0.05 were considered significant.

Results

The nasogastric tube was well tolerated by the animals, the technique used to attach the tube to the halter was effective and no repetition of the procedure was necessary during the experimental phase.

After 12 h of fasting, at the beginning of the fluid therapy phase (T0h), the animals of both groups showed a decrease in body weight (Table 2). The body weight returned to values similar to T-12h after 4 h of fluid therapy (T4h) and remained stable until the end of the experiment (T24h). Both groups presented with reduction of the abdominal circumference at T0h (Table 2). At T4h the abdominal circumference returned to the values observed at T-12h, remaining stable until T24h. All animals developed mild to moderate enophthalmos (P < 0.05) after fasting (Table 2). This parameter normalized 4 h (T4h) after the beginning of the fluid therapy period and remained constant throughout the observed period.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Mean values and standard deviations of the clinical parameters [body weight (BW), abdominal circumference (AC), packed cell volume (PCV) and total serum protein (TP)] and median with interquartile range (0.25–0.75) of the degree of enophthalmos (DE) of foals hydrated with isotonic and hypotonic electrolyte solutions delivered in continuous flow.

Serum sodium increased (P < 0.05) at T0h in both groups and remained high until T12h of fluid therapy (T12h) in the IsoES group. In the HypoES group, however, there was a small reduction (P < 0.05) at T12h (Table 3). There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the osmolarity results (Table 3).

TABLE 3

Table 3. Mean values and standard deviations of the serum biochemical profile [sodium (Na⁺), serum osmolarity (OSM), potassium (K⁺), total calcium (tCa²⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), total magnesium (tMg²⁺), and strong ion difference (SID)] of foals hydrated with isotonic and hypotonic electrolyte solutions delivered in continuous flow.

Both groups showed reduction (P < 0.05) of serum potassium concentrations at T0h, this decrease remained until T12h (Table 3). However, at T8h the animals of the HypoES group showed a slight increase (P < 0.05) in this blood electrolyte. At T24h the serum potassium concentrations in both treatment groups returned to the initial values noted at T-12h (P < 0.05). There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the serum total calcium and chloride concentrations (Table 3). There was a progressive reduction (P < 0.05) in serum total magnesium concentrations from T0h, but there was no difference (P > 0.05) in this decrease between treatments (Table 3). At T24h, in both groups there was an increase (P < 0.05) in serum total magnesium concentration, but in the HypoES the values returned (P < 0.05) to similar results at T-12h (Table 3). The SID did not differ between treatments, but significant differences (P < 0.05) were identified in both treatments over time. An increase was observed in T0h and a decrease in T8h.

Urine specific gravity differed (P < 0.05) between treatments and times (Table 4). In the T2-6h period, the urine specific gravity values of both groups decreased (P < 0.05). The HypoES maintained the lowest values during the whole fluid therapy period, and the resultant values were significantly different (P < 0.05) from those observed with IsoES in the T2-6h and T10-12h periods.

TABLE 4

Table 4. Mean values and standard deviations of the urine specific gravity (USG) of foals hydrated with isotonic and hypotonic electrolyte solutions delivered in continuous flow.

The volume of water in feces did not show significant difference between treatments and over time (P > 0.05). However, at T12h the water in feces in the IsoES treatment was almost twice higher as in the HypoES group (Table 5). Urinary volume increased (P < 0.05) in the groups during the fluid therapy period (T0h to T12h), but there was no difference between treatments (Table 5).

TABLE 5

Table 5. Mean values and standard deviations of the of the volume of water in the feces (WF) and urinary biochemical profile [urinary volume (UV), urinary excretion of sodium during the hydration period (urNa⁺), potassium (urK⁺), total calcium (urCa²⁺), chloride (urCl⁻) and total magnesium (urMg²⁺)] of foals hydrated with isotonic and hypotonic electrolyte solutions delivered in continuous flow.

Urinary sodium excretion did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments (Table 5), but increased in both groups in the T6-10h period (P < 0.05). For T10-12h, this increase was maintained in the IsoES group, whereas with HypoES, it returned to the values observed in the T0-2h period (P < 0.05). There was no difference (P > 0,05) in the urinary excretion of potassium between treatments (Table 5), but in the IsoES group there was a reduction in urinary potassium at T10-12h period, whereas in the HypoES group a reduction was observed in the T2-6h and T10-12h periods (P < 0.05).

The urinary excretion of chloride did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups (Table 5), but in the IsoES there was an increase in the urinary excretion of chloride during the T6-10h period, which remained until T10-12h. In the HypoES group, this increase occurred at T2-6h period and was maintained until T6-10h, followed by a small decrease at T10-12h. Urinary excretion of total magnesium did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups (Table 5), but decreased (P < 0.05) throughout the fluid therapy phase in both treatments, with minimal excretion at T10-12h.

Discussion

Based on the authors' experience, the nasogastric tube can remain for a few days. Naturally the animals may develop minimal irritation of the mucosa of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx or esophagus, but without the development of lesions with clinical significance. Usually when patients are treated with enteral fluid therapy, the tube remains for 12 to 72 h and it is not observed the occurrence of complications due to its presence. In foals, small-caliber nasogastric tubes with 6 mm of external diameter are used, and it allows animals to feed normally during enteral fluid therapy. Therefore, the patients without food restriction are provided with water and food during continuous flow enteral fluid therapy. In the case of lactating foals, they may be kept with the dam to nurse.

At T0h in both groups, there was a reduction in body weight and abdominal circumference whereas the degree of enophthalmos increased (Table 2). These changes were induced by the 12 h of water and food restriction imposed to the animals. Based on body weight, in both groups, the water and food restriction period promoted an average dehydration of 4.8%, classified as mild, without considering the production of fecal matter during this period. Classically it is widely accepted that in cases of dehydration of <5% of body weight, the clinical signs are imperceptible to physical examination. However, the results of the present study showed that the degree of enophthalmos increased significantly at T0h (Table 2), although the degree of dehydration was <5%. This demonstrated that the degree of enophthalmos is very sensitive to changes in hydration status in foals, as has also been seen in new born calves (16).

After 4 h (T4h) of fluid therapy there was a return to baseline BW, an increase in AC and correction of enophthalmos in animals of both groups. The results demonstrate the efficacy of enteral fluid therapy in correcting, in a short time, the dehydration caused by the 12 h of water and food restriction.

The increase observed in the serum sodium concentrations of both groups at T0h was attributed to hemoconcentration caused by the 12 h of fasting. During the fluid therapy phase (T0h to T12h), the serum sodium concentrations was unchanged in the IsoES animals, whereas the HypoES animals showed a mild decrease at T12h (Table 2). Despite this decrease, hyponatremia was not found in the animals, as values remained within the normal range (17). The values of serum osmolarity corroborated this fact, as they remained unchanged (P > 0.05) in the animals of the two treatments during the whole experimental phase. This is expected because serum sodium associated with serum chloride represents 90% of serum osmolarity (18). The main electrolyte imbalance observed in foals, especially in neonates, is the development of plasma hypernatremia during intravenous fluid therapy (19). The literature indicate that electrolyte maintenance solutions should contain sodium amounts below plasma concentration, preventing development of hypernatremia in patients (20, 21). However, maintenance fluid therapy requirements in foals are unknown, thus the evaluation of two enteral electrolyte solutions containing different amounts of sodium is a relevant aspect when considering the enteral fluid therapy for sick foals.

In both groups there was an increase in the urinary excretion of sodium from T6-10h which remained throughout the fluid therapy period. This may have occurred due to increase in plasma volume caused by fluid therapy, which inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and triggers the release of natriuretic atrial peptide resulting in increased urinary excretion of sodium (22). As previously mentioned, despite the increased urinary sodium, the animals did not develop serum hyponatremia. Similar results were observed in adult horses, demonstrating that these solutions can be used in patients with mild hyponatremia without aggravating the deficit of this electrolyte (12).

The decrease in serum potassium concentration in both groups at T0h may have been due to the food and water restriction, and dehydration that causes activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, releasing the antidiuretic hormone, which promotes the renal resorption of water and sodium, and increases urinary potassium excretion (22). In addition, during the fluid therapy phase (T0h–T12h), the presence of dextrose in the electrolytic solutions may have induced the entry of serum potassium into the cells, decreasing its concentration in blood (23). Despite this, the serum potassium concentration remained in the reference range for the species (17). In adult horses, similar results to the present study have been observed (24). From these results, it was observed that in the enteral fluid therapy of animals with hypokalemia, the electrolyte solutions should have more than 0.5 g/L KCl, and the animals should be constantly monitored.

The decrease in urinary potassium excretion in both groups may be associated with plasma volume expansion caused by fluid therapy, inhibiting the release of aldosterone and reducing renal excretion of potassium (22). In addition, the decrease in serum potassium concentration during the fluid therapy period (T0h–T12h) contributed to the observed results.

Although the solutions had a lower amount of chloride (89 mmol/L) than plasma (90–106 mmol/L) (10, 24), the serum chloride levels of the animals did not change in relation to T-12h. The increase of urinary excretion of chloride can be attributed to the renal mechanisms responsible for its reabsorption. Renal reabsorption of this electrolyte is dependent of the electrochemical gradient generated by the presence of sodium reabsorbed into the peritubular space (25). In the present work, the urinary excretion of sodium and chloride varied similarly in both treatments over time. Also, despite increased urinary excretion, the animals did not develop serum hypochloremia and hyponatremia. These results demonstrate that both solutions will not accentuate electrolytic imbalances when used in animals with low intensity chloride disorders.

Serum total calcium concentration was expected to be elevated, as both treatments contained 4.3 mmol/L, an amount greater than the total serum calcium for foals (1.6–2.5 mmol/L) (17). However, there was no variation between groups (P > 0.05) in the serum concentrations of this electrolyte. The same result was observed in urinary excretion of total calcium, although there was an increase in excretion during fluid therapy, this was not significant (P > 0.05). The maintenance of the serum ionic calcium concentration was observed in adult horses submitted to enteral fluid therapy with electrolytic solutions (24). The results of the present study demonstrate that the amount of calcium present in the solutions was sufficient to avoid its decrease by hemodilution during fluid therapy without triggering hypercalcemia.

Magnesium homeostasis is mainly regulated by intestinal absorption. Thus, the decrease in the levels of this electrolyte observed at T0 may be related to the fasting (26). Although the two electrolytic solutions contained 1.16 mmol/L magnesium, there was a reduction in the serum total magnesium concentrations during the fluid therapy phase (T0h-T12). Similar results were observed in other studies with adult horses (4, 24, 27) and were related to the decrease in the levels of this electrolyte due to hemodilution. It is important to note that, although there was a reduction in the serum concentration of this electrolyte during the 12 h of fluid therapy, the values observed in the present study remained in the reference range for horses (0.6–0.9 mmol/L) (28).

The control of urinary magnesium excretion is not yet fully understood. It was noted that the variation of the renal excretion of magnesium accompanied its serum concentration during the period of fluid therapy. Therefore, it is prudent in animals with hypomagnesemia to increase the amount of magnesium in enteral electrolyte solutions.

The small increase in SID observed at T0h, in both treatments, expresses low-intensity metabolic alkalosis, since its value in horses varies from 38 to 44 mmol/L (29, 30). This fact occurred as a consequence of the increase in serum sodium, due to water and food restriction. Despite the decrease in the SID value at T8h, in both groups, their values remained within the reference range. During the fluid therapy period (T0h–T12h) the SID values, in both treatments, were similar to the baseline values (T-12h). These results demonstrate that both treatments were able to correct the increase in SID observed at T0h. It was expected that the IsoES treatment, for containing sodium acetate, would cause an increase in the SID value, however it did not. Probably the amount of sodium acetate (4 g/L) was not enough. As the main acid-base imbalance observed in foals is metabolic acidosis with decreased SID (15), it is recommended that the enteral electrolyte solutions used to correct this imbalance in foals should contain more than 4 grams of sodium acetate per liter of solution, especially in cases of higher intensity metabolic acidosis.

The increased urinary volume and decreased urinary specific gravity of both treatment groups during fluid therapy confirm that both solutions promote volume expansion, triggering an increase in the rate of glomerular filtration. Regarding urinary specific gravity, the difference observed between treatments in the T2-6h and T10-12h period indicates that HypoES was absorbed in a greater quantity than the IsoES. These results agree with studies that evaluated the effects of enteral hypotonic solutions in adult horses (11, 14, 31).

Although there was no significant difference between the treatments (p > 0,05), the water volume in feces at T10–12h in the IsoES group was 900 mL/h and in the HypoES was 510 mL/h. The highest water volume in feces of the IsoES group can be attributed to the different osmolarities of the electrolytic solutions. The HypoES generated a greater osmotic gradient in the intestinal lumen, which promoted greater absorption of water by the intestine and, possibly, a higher volume expansion than that induced by the IsoES. Thus, in the IsoES group larger volume of fluid remains within the bowel loops, resulting in higher water content stools. These results agree to those observed in the urinary volume and with trials comparing the effects of hypo and isotonic enteral electrolyte solutions in adult horses (11, 12, 32). The efficacy of enteral hypotonic solutions has been observed in human patients with gastrointestinal tract infections, even in cases of secretory diarrhea (31, 33, 34). Currently, studies conducted in humans (31, 35–37) and animals (11, 35, 38) have shown that hypotonic enteral electrolyte solutions are most effective in rehydrating without causing hyponatremia. While this effect has been tested and proved in horses, cattle and calves, this is the first study that compares the effect of an IsoES and HypoES in weaned foals.

This is the first controlled study that aims to evaluate two maintenance enteral electrolytic solutions for foals under 1 year old, and for that reason, healthy animals were used in order to assess the safety of the effects of the two electrolytic solutions on hydro electrolytic balance of these animals. The authors make extensive use of enteral fluid therapy in continuous flow and the solutions evaluated in this study in the routine treatment of sick foals and both are effective in expanding blood volume and not generating iatrogenic electrolytic disturbances. Further clinical studies will be warranted to identify the specific clinical use for each solution. In addition, periodic electrolytic monitoring of foals subjected to enteral fluid therapy in continuous flow is recommended. Although we have not carried out specific analyses for the assessment of welfare, a study conducted in adult horse demonstrated lower cortisol concentration in horses with enteral fluid therapy via nasogastric tube in comparison to intravenous route (39). The foals in the present study did not show any signs of discomfort during the experiment, suggesting that the use of this technique in foals can contribute to the reduction of stress and enable better conditions of well-being for the hospitalized patient.

One of the limitations of this study was that urine collection was not performed by catheterization. However, the goal of this trial was to replicate, in controlled conditions, what the authors do in the hospital routine. Catheterization of animals for urine collection increases the stress of patients compromising their welfare and predisposes the development of urinary tract infections. For these reasons the authors chose not to use this technique in this study and the results were not compromised.

Conclusion

The present study revealed that IsoES and HypoES electrolyte solutions tested are efficient in normalizing clinical and laboratorial parameters altered by fasting, without causing electrolyte imbalances in foals. The hypotonic enteral electrolytic solution, the HypoES, was more effective in the hydroelectrolytic reestablishment of weaned foals. These results open up new possibilities for the use of maintenance fluid therapy with hypotonic electrolyte solution in foals.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.

Ethics Statement

The animal study was reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals of the Federal University of Viçosa.

Author Contributions

LM, JR, MA, RV, and PE were responsible for the conception of the study, data analysis, and provided intellectual input on the manuscript. LM, CC, SA, PS, MS, DB, and FM were responsible for carrying out the experimental phase of the study. LM, RV, JR, PE, MA, and RT were responsible for data interpretation and writing of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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