Effectiveness of AI-Assisted Rehabilitation for Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Network Meta-Analysis of Pain, Range of Motion, and Functional Outcomes

Zixuan Luo^1*Yang Wang^1*Tongyan Zhang¹Jiale Wang²

• ¹Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
• ²Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China

Objective: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of 13 artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted rehabilitation strategies for individuals with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), categorized based on different intervention types, including AI feedback systems, exergaming platforms, telerehabilitation, and robotic solutions. The analysis focuses on improvements in pain relief, functional outcomes, and range of motion (ROM), based on a network meta-analysis (NMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: A systematic review and NMA were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science) were searched for RCTs published between January 2000 and April 2025. A total of 33 RCTs involving participants with MSDs were included. Interventions were categorized into 13 AI-assisted rehabilitation strategies. The outcomes were grouped into three domains: pain, functional outcomes, and ROM. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values and mean ranks were used to compare the relative effectiveness of each intervention. The Risk of Bias (RoB 2) tool was used to assess the bias risk of the studies, and the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) tool was applied to evaluate the credibility of the evidence. Results: For pain relief, Therapeutic Exergaming (SUCRA = 87.6%) and Robotic Exoskeleton (SUCRA = 86.3%) ranked highest. In functional outcomes, Gamified Exergaming (SUCRA = 99.6%) and Hybrid Physical Therapy combined with Exergaming (SUCRA = 81.2%) showed superior results. For ROM, Single-Joint Rehab Robot (SUCRA = 84.7%) and AI-Feedback Motion Training (SUCRA = 83.7%) were most effective. Conventional or Usual Care and Asynchronous Telerehabilitation consistently ranked lower across all outcomes. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that AI-assisted rehabilitation strategies significantly improve pain relief, functional recovery, and ROM in individuals with MSDs. Interventions such as Therapeutic Exergaming, Robotic Exoskeletons, Gamified Exergaming, and Single-Joint Rehab Robots performed excellently in their respective domains, highlighting the potential of AI technologies in personalized treatment and enhancing patient recovery. However, further long-term research is needed to confirm the sustained effects of these interventions and optimize their clinical application.