REVIEW article
Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
Sec. Organoids and Organ-On-A-Chip
This article is part of the Research TopicInnovative Approaches for Disease Modeling Using Organoids and Organ-On-A-ChipView all articles
A Narrative Review of Spatial Multi-Omics and Organ-on-a-Chip Technologies for Cardio-Cerebral-Renal Crosstalk
Provisionally accepted
- 1Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- 2Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- 3Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Background:Inter-organ communication within the cardio-cerebral-renal axis orchestrates systemic homeostasis and disease progression. However, conventional methods fail to capture its spatiotemporal complexity; consequently, this creates evidence gaps in dynamic network dissection. Therefore, spatial multi-omics and organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technologies enable unprecedented investigation of these pathways. Objective:We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of spatial multi-omics and organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technologies (intervention) compared to conventional methods (comparator) in decoding cardio-cerebral-renal crosstalk for systemic disorders (population) on outcomes including sensitivity, resolution, and detection accuracy (outcomes). Methods:We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov from January 2021 to December 2024. Two reviewers independently screened studies for inclusion. We included 34 studies comprising randomized trials, cohort studies, and preclinical validations. We employed narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analysis where appropriate. Results: Based on 34 studies involving a substantial number of participants and samples, spatial multi-omics and OOC technologies demonstrated improved sensitivity and better identification of pathogenic networks compared to conventional methods. The findings suggest a consistent trend toward enhanced performance, though heterogeneity across studies was noted. Conclusion:Building on these findings, we conclude that these technologies establish a novel paradigm for decoding multi-organ communication, revealing molecular mechanisms (e.g., exosomal miRNA regulation) and providing clinically actionable biomarkers. However, evidence certainty is moderate due to heterogeneity, thus supporting future precision medicine applications.
Keywords: Cardio-cerebral-renal axis, inter-organ communication, Microfluidic organoids, Multi-tissue microphysiological systems, spatial multi-omics
Received: 18 Nov 2025; Accepted: 10 Feb 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 Xiong, Liang, Liang, Ke, Wang, Yang, Wang and Gong. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Shihong Xiong
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