REVIEW article
Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
Sec. Biosensors and Biomolecular Electronics
This article is part of the Research TopicNetwork Physiology and Feedback Control, Vol IIView all articles
A Noninvasive Bioengineering Technology for Testing Medical Monitoring Capabilities for Conditions of Human Hypovolemia and Hypotension
Provisionally accepted
- 1United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, United States
- 2Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, United States
- 3The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States
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Testing new medical monitors and wearable sensors designed to assess patient status under conditions of hypovolemia and/or hypotension are necessary to improve clinical outcomes of individuals with hemorrhagic injuries. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) has emerged as a bioengineering tool that can induce progressive reductions in central blood volume similar to those experienced by patients during the early stages of physiological compensation during blood loss. The objective of this review is to develop a working framework for biomedical engineering research involving a safe noninvasive human hypovolemia model for the systematic testing of medical monitoring sensors and devices. As a testing tool, this paper provides a summary of the safety and advantages of using LBNP to avoid the use of blood withdrawal approaches compared to actual Controlled hemorrhage. In this regard, LBNP provides a safe and non-invasive technology for testing advanced medical monitoring technologies with the potential to improve emergency clinical outcomes.
Keywords: Hemorrhage, Hypotension, Hypovolemia, Lower Body Negative Pressure, Medical monitoring, Shock, wearable sensors
Received: 05 Dec 2025; Accepted: 02 Feb 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 Convertino and Snider. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Victor A. Convertino
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