ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.
Sec. Biosensors and Biomolecular Electronics
This article is part of the Research TopicAdvanced and Robust Point-of-Care Testing Systems: Integrated Emerging Technology and StrategiesView all articles
SPR Biosensor with a Graphene Overlayer for Carcinoma Detection
Provisionally accepted
Talia Tene1*
Katherine Tixi Gallegos2
María José Mendoza Salazar2
Lala Gahramanli3Rana Khankishiyeva4
Cristian Vacacela Gomez5*- 1Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
- 2Escuela Superior Politecnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador
- 3Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- 4Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Baku, Azerbaijan
- 5Universita della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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Early carcinoma detection benefits from label-free, high-sensitivity surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors. We computationally evaluated multilayer SPR architectures based on CaF₂/Cu/TiO₂/Graphene using the transfer-matrix method at 633 nm. Across 1–5 ng/mL, we analyzed reflectance, resonance-angle shifts, and near-field profiles, and derived sensitivity, detection accuracy (DA), figure of merit, and the limit of detection (LOD). The CaF₂/Cu/TiO₂/Graphene stack yielded the best performance, achieving 481.29°/RIU sensitivity and DA = 0.80, with pronounced evanescent-field confinement at the sensing interface. Under identical modeling conditions, this graphene-integrated configuration outperformed TiO₂-only and Cu-only baselines within the studied range. These results indicate a cost-effective platform for sensitive carcinoma biomarker detection. Calculation details for LOD and other metrics are provided in Methods, and practical considerations for experimental realization are discussed.
Keywords: biosensor, Carcinoma, Copper, Graphene, Sensitivity, SPR, titanium dioxide
Received: 16 Jan 2026; Accepted: 06 Feb 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 Tene, Tixi Gallegos, Mendoza Salazar, Gahramanli, Khankishiyeva and Vacacela Gomez. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Talia Tene
Cristian Vacacela Gomez
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