Abstract
Background: Vitamin D (VitD) is an important pleiotropic hormone for organ systems. Studies have focused on the level of VitD, especially that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)-VitD), in patients after cardiac surgery and the relationship between VitD deficiency and adverse outcomes, but the results have been inconsistent. We carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate differences in the 25-(OH)-VitD level before and after cardiac surgery, and evaluated the predictive value of 25-(OH)-VitD level in the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Methods: Studies related to VitD level and cardiac surgery were searched from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from inception to October 2020. We applied the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of a bias in individual studies. We examined the heterogeneity and publication bias and performed subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses.
Results: Fifteen studies were included in our analysis. The 25-(OH)-VitD level was significantly lower immediately after surgery [stand mean difference (SMD), 0.69; 95%CI (0.1, 1.28), P = 0.023] and 24-h after surgery [0.84; (0.47, 1.21), 0.000] compared with that before surgery. A higher prevalence of 25-(OH)-VitD deficiency was recorded 24 h after surgery [RR, 0.59; 95%CI (0.47, 0.73), P = 0.00]. Pooled results demonstrated a significant relationship between the preoperative 25-(OH)-VitD level and vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) [SMD, −3.71; 95%CI (−6.32, −1.10); P = 0.005], and patients with 25-(OH)-VitD deficiency revealed a comparatively poor prognosis and severe condition after cardiac surgery [−0.80; (−1.41, −0.19), 0.01]. However, 25-(OH)-VitD deficiency was not associated with the duration of stay in the intensive care unit.
Conclusions: Cardiac surgery would leads to deficiency of 25-(OH)-VitD. And the preoperative and postoperative levels of 25-(OH)-VitD are associated with adverse events, which is eligible to work as an indicator to demonstrate clinical outcomes.
Introduction
Vitamin D (VitD) has well-established roles in calcium absorption and bone mineralization (1). Exposure to sunlight and dietary intake are essential to ensure an adequate store of VitD, which functions mainly in the intestine, kidney, and bone (2). 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)-VitD) is the active hormonal form of VitD, and is also the best way to measure the VitD level in blood. VitD deficiency is related to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Supplementation with VitD can prevent bone fractures in older people effectively (3–5).
Besides its traditional role in bone mineral density, VitD might take part in cardiovascular disease by directly activating nuclear receptors in cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, it also regulates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, lipid metabolism, and energy expenditure to influence the cardiovascular system (6). VitD has been reported to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote anti-inflammatory cytokines in children and adults with congestive heart failure (7, 8). Besides, VitD may play a part in myocardial contractility, and VitD deficiency is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and adverse outcomes. VitD supplementation in patients with documented VitD deficiency is associated with improved survival (9). Recently, Turan et al. found that the VitD level was linked to several factors that might influence outcomes after cardiac surgery (10). VitD deficiency is strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events (11).
VitD deficiency is one of the most common chronic medical conditions worldwide, especially in patients with cardiovascular diseases (e.g., coronary disease, peripheral arterial disease, and heart failure). Besides, several complications might occur due to VitD loss following cardiac surgery, which contributes to poor prognosis (10, 12, 13). Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death in developed countries. As a consequence, >1 million cardiac-surgery procedures are carried out worldwide each year on children and adults (10). Recently, several studies have reported that after cardiac surgery in adults, such as cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), an acute reduction in the 25-(OH)-VitD level was observed (14), and that 25-(OH)-VitD deficiency is associated with several adverse effects.
To investigate the 25-(OH)-VitD level before and after surgery and the predictive value of the 25-(OH)-VitD level in clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery, we carried out this meta-analyses to determine the changes of 25-(OH)-VitD and its prognostic value for adverse cardiovascular events after cardiac surgery. We are looking forward to help physicians to make timely and optimal clinical consideration about poor outcomes on this issue.
Materials and Methods
This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the guideline for systematic reviews of prognostic-factor studies (15). We reported by following the PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews (16). The study protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).
Search Strategy
A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify relevant studies on 10 December 2020 without date restrictions. Key search terms were (“vitamin D”) AND (“heart surgery” OR “cardiac surgery”). We searched the PubMed database using [vitamin D [MeSH Terms]) OR (vitamin D)] AND [(heart surgery [MeSH Terms]) OR (cardiac surgery) OR (heart surgery) OR (heart operation) OR (cardiosurgery)].
Two independent investigators undertook thorough literature searches, with discrepancies resolved by a third investigator in a blinded fashion. The retrieved results were de-duplicated and screened against the pre-specified eligibility criteria.
Study Selection
Two reviewers screened the titles and abstracts of studies independently. Then, they assessed the full text of the selected studies in detail for eligibility. We excluded studies if the duplicated data for all outcomes of interest were published elsewhere, and preserved the studies that provided comparative data if there was an overlap of data between studies.
We developed inclusion criteria based on the Population, Index prognostic factor, Comparator prognostic factor, Outcome, Timing, Settings (PICOTS) framework adapted from the guideline proposed by Riley et al. (15). We defined patients as having confirmed VitD deficiency if they had a VitD concentration in serum <20 ng/mL or <50 nnmol/L irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms (17). Eligible studies had to meet the following criteria: (1) population: patients having undergone cardiac surgery and VitD test without supplementation with VitD after the surgical procedure. (2) Index prognostic factor: VitD deficiency was defined as VitD concentration in serum <50 nnmol/L irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms (17). (3) outcome: major adverse cardiovascular events (the composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death), SYNTAX score >22, maximum VIS >20, and duration of stay in the ICU. (4) time: preoperative and postoperative VitD level should be measured within a week before and after surgery. (5) Setting: in-hospital.
Inter-rater reliability for the study selection was calculated using the kappa statistic. Studies meeting any of the following criteria were excluded: (1) patients with heart disease were not related the surgery (2) Time of VitD measurement were not reported (3) The outcomes didn't meet with our definition (4) conference articles, reviews, abstracts, other non-peer-reviewed literatures or those not based on original studies.
Data Collection and Assessment of Study Quality
Two investigators (Yulin Zhang and Jiawen Li) assessed the eligibility of reports independently at the title and abstract level. A third reviewer (Yifei Li) determined divergence according to the inclusion or exclusion criteria and quality of the reports. Studies that met all of the inclusion criteria were selected for further analyses. The baseline data from the included studies were extracted and are shown in Table 1. The quality of the included studies in the meta-analysis was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). In addition, studies which scored ≥5 stars were considered to have moderate-to-high methodological quality.
Table 1
| References | Country | Definition of VitD deficiency | Study type | Age | Male (%) | Patients | Surgery method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rippel et al. (2) | Australia | <50 nmol/L | Prospective | 8.7/9.2 m | 59.2/50.6 | 125/85 | CHD |
| Graham et al. (18) | America | <20 ng/ml | Prospective | 8.8 d | Not report | 70 | CHD |
| McNally et al. (19) | Canada | <20 ng/ml | Prospective | 8.4 m | 56.9 | 58 | CHD |
| Sriram et al. (20) | America | <20 ng/ml | Prospective | 59/58 y | 55/77 | 20/44 | MIX |
| Skuladottir et al. (21) | Iceland | Not report | Prospective | 64/70.5 y | 78.8/81.8 | 52/66 | MIX |
| Shadvar et al. (22) | Iran | Not report | Cross-sectional | 8/3 y | 50/50 | 25/25 | CABG |
| Gode et al. (23) | Turkey | Not report | Prospective | 58.4/59.1 y | 67/67 | 75/15 | CABG |
| Emren et al. (24) | Turkey | Not report | Prospective | 61/70 y | 76/72 | 212/71 | CABG |
| Abou Zahr et al. (25) | America | <20 ng/ml | Prospective | 71 m | 50 | 20 | CHD |
| Cerit et al. (26) | Cyprus | <20 ng/ml | Retrospective | 63.9/67.6 y | 77/35 | 87/41 | CABG |
| Özsin et al. (27) | Turkey | Not report | Retrospective | 58.18/61.94 y | 33/37 | 50/50 | CABG |
| Daie et al. (28) | Iran | <20 ng/ml | Prospective | 61.19/63.89 y | 68.5/62.1 | 127/29 | CABG |
| Zajic et al. (29) | Austria | Not report | Prospective | 67 y | 19 | 26 | MIX |
| Ney et al. (30) | Germany | <20 ng/ml | Prospective | 67.27/70.06 y | 72.2/72.7 | 74/18 | MIX |
| Cerit and Cerit (1) | Cyprus | <20 ng/ml | Prospective | 61.3/74.9 y | 44.7/43.9 | 47/98 | CABG |
| Dohain et al. (31) | Egypt | <20 ng/ml | Prospective | 14.4 months | 41 | 69 | CHD |
Characteristics of involved patients with cardiac surgery in all included studies.
Outcome Measures
First, we collected the VitD level of patients before, immediately after, and 24-h after undergoing cardiac surgery from correlational studies. Then, we compared the outcomes between the VitD-deficient group and VitD-sufficient group.
The primary endpoints includes the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events, the composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death.
The secondary endpoints includes arrhythmia, SYNTAX score and maximum VIS after surgery, and ICU stay duration.
Publication Bias
A publication bias was tested using Egger's regression and funnel graph by STATA 15.1 (State, College Station, TX, USA). Each dot represents a study in the meta-analysis and asymmetry of distribution of dots indicates a potential publication bias. A quantified result of P < 0.05 in Egger's test indicated that a publication bias might be present.
Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity in the pooling sensitivity and specificity was examined using the Q-test and was deemed to be significant if P < 0.10 in these qualitative tests. The I2 test was also carried out in each pooling analysis to estimate quantitatively the proportion of total variation across studies that were due to heterogeneity rather than chance. I2 can range from 0 to 100%, and I2 >50% suggests significant heterogeneity.
Sensitivity Analyses
Sensitivity analyses were conducted (using STATA 15.1) for each study to determine if a single study incurred undue weight in the meta-analysis fixed/random-effects estimates.
Statistical Analyses
Analyses were undertaken for adjusted and unadjusted estimates. Adjusted estimates were utilized primarily for reporting and interpretation of results (38). The pooled effects of dichotomous outcomes were converted to risk ratios (RRs) along with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Quantitative synthesis was first conducted by comparing VitD-deficient patients with VitD-sufficient patients or the highest vs. lowest categories of VitD using the generic inverse variance method with the DerSimonian–Laird random-effects model (15). Continuous outcome variables are expressed as the mean ± SD. All pooled effects are presented as forest maps. Quality of evidence was assessed by the modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system (GRADE) by consensus among the authors (39, 40). If pooled effect sizes with great heterogeneity comprised >5 studies, subgroup analyses were carried out based on the study design, study location, sample size, risk of a bias, type of effect size, and surgical method. Conversely, sensitivity analyses were conducted by leave-one-out analysis and the exclusion of studies with a high risk of a bias. GRADE was used to evaluate the overall quality of the evidence for each outcome, which ranged from high quality to very low quality, and was based on five domains: limitations of design; inconsistency of results; indirectness; imprecision; other factors (e.g., a publication bias) (Table 2).
Table 2
| Representative* | Reliably measured VitD† | Comparable on confounders‡ | Adequate outcome and follow up§ | Overall quality rating¶ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dohain et al. (31) | 0 | 1 | 1 | Not reported | Low |
| Abou Zahr et al. (25) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| McNally et al. (19) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Low |
| Rippel et al. (2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | High |
| Graham et al. (18) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | High |
| Zarei et al. (34) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | High |
| Zajic et al. (29) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Ney et al. (30) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Low |
| Özsin et al. (27) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | High |
| Obeid et al. (35) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Daie et al. (28) | 0 | 0 | 0 | Not reported | Low |
| Cerit et al. (36) | 1 | 1 | 0 | Not reported | Low |
| Cerit et al. (26) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Low |
| Zittermann et al. (37) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | High |
| Skuladottir et al. (21) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | Average |
| Shadvar et al. (22) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Gode et al. (23) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | High |
| Sriram et al. (20) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | Low |
| Emren et al. (24) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | High |
| Zittermann et al. (5) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | High |
Quality assessment of studies using criteria adapted from Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale (32, 33).
The representativeness criterion was met when ≥80% of patients after cardiac surgery eligible were invited and 80% agreed to participate, or when sample size >300 (1 point).
The reliability criterion was met when reliable and valid methods were used to assess VitD level (1 point).
The comparability criterion was met when studies showed evidence that at study entry the patients with or without events were equivalent on the prognostic indicators of age, previous use of d-dimer supplement, surgical method, and comorbidity (2 points) or comparable on at least two of these indicators (1 point).
The quality of outcome and follow-up criterion was met when the completion rate (agreed to participate/analyzed) for patients undergoing the cycle was ≥80% (1 point).
The overall quality rating was low (0–2 points), average (3 points), or high (4 or 5 points).
Results
Search Results
Initially, 2,063 potentially relevant articles were retrieved by our search method. Of these, 31 articles were considered to be of interest after reading the title and abstract. However, 15 articles were excluded by reading the complete articles due to: article type (n = 1); absence of measurement of VitD levels at required time points or the outcomes described in the criteria of inclusion (n = 13); not using the standard definition of VitD deficiency (n = 1). Ultimately, 16 reports (1, 2, 18–31) were included in the meta-analysis (Figure 1). No reports from China met the inclusion criteria.
Figure 1
Study Characteristics
The characteristics of the involved patients in all included studies are presented in Table 1. The sixteen published reports (1, 2, 18–31) enrolled a total of 1,785 patients (children and adults) from 10 countries. Five studies (2, 18, 19, 25, 31) focused on children with congenital heart disease and 11 studies (1, 20–24, 26–30) were on adults, of which seven studies (1, 22–24, 26–28) reported patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Eleven studies (1, 2, 18, 19, 21, 23–26, 29, 31) reported a detailed method used to measure the serum concentration of VitD and 10 studies (1, 2, 18–20, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31) reported a clear definition of VitD deficiency as 25-(OH) VitD <20 ng/ml or <50 nmol/L. About half of the included studies yielded a high risk of a bias and the other half were at low risk according to the NOS (Table 2).
Outcomes
Table 3 presents the pooled effect sizes and 95%CIs for the synthesis analysis, and GRADE level of certainty.
Table 3
| No of studies | Certainty assessment | Effect | Certainty | Importance | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | No of events | No of individuals | Rate (95% CI) | |||
| Comparison of 24 h post-operational and pre-operational VitD level of cardiac surgery | |||||||||||
| 8 | Observational studies | Seriousa | Seriousb | Seriousc | Not serious | None | - | 453 | SMD 0.84 SD (0.47–1.21) | ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Critical |
| Comparison of immediately post-operational and pre-operational VitD level of cardiac surgery | |||||||||||
| 6 | Observational studies | Seriousa | Seriousb | Seriousc | Not serious | None | - | 335 | SMD 0.69 SD (0.1–1.28) | ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Important |
| Comparison of the rates of pre-operational and 24 h post-operational VitD deficiency | |||||||||||
| 3 | Observational studies | Seriousa | Not serious | Seriousc | Not serious | None | 344 | 441 | Event rate 191.3 per 1,000 (110.5 to 252.8) | ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Not Important |
| Comparison of post-operational VitD level with and without severe outcomes | |||||||||||
| 8 | Observational studies | Seriousa | Seriousb | Seriousc | Not serious | None | - | 1,070 | SMD −0.87 SD (−1.41 to −0.09) | ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Important |
| Comparison of maximum VIS between groups of low and high post-operational VitD levels | |||||||||||
| 3 | Observational studies | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not serious | Serious | None | - | 337 | SMD −3.71 SD (−6.32 to −1.1) | ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Critical |
| Pooled effect sizes of rate of pre-operational and 24h post-operational VitD deficiency | |||||||||||
| 3 | Observational studies | Serious a | Not serious | Seriousc | Not serious | None | 244 | 441 | event rate 181 per 1000 (117.4 to 233.1) | ⊕⊕◯◯ Low | Important |
| Comparison of post-operational VitD levels between patients with or without ICU admission | |||||||||||
| 4 | Observational studies | Seriousa | Seriousb | Seriousc | Not serious | None | - | 401 | SMD −0.53 SD (−1.16 to −0.09) | ⊕◯◯◯ Very low | Important |
The summary of GRADE assessment.
Most of included studies were low-quality in this outcome according to NOS.
The I-square value of this outcome was more than 80% and p value of chi-square Q test was <0.05. The effect sizes of included studies were in the same direction but widely varied.
The source of participants, measurement methods of VitD levels and surgical methods were different among included studies.
Assessment of the 25-(OH)-VitD Level
Six studies (18, 19, 25, 29–31) provided data on the VitD level preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and 24 h after surgery, and one study (21) provided data only on the VitD level preoperatively and 24 h after surgery. Furthermore, four studies (18, 19, 25, 31) reported the VitD level in children with congenital heart disease and three studies (21, 29, 30) were in adults. However, two studies (29, 30) did not mention the way to measure the serum 25-(OH)-VitD concentration. Three studies in adults (21, 29, 30) reported on patients who underwent types of cardiac surgery other than CABG.
We demonstrated that the VitD level decreased significantly immediately after cardiac surgery [stand mean difference (SMD), 0.69; 95%CI (0.1, 1.28); P = 0.000] (Figure 2) or 24 h after cardiac surgery [SMD, 0.84; 95%CI (0.47, 1.21); P = 0.000] (Figure 3), though all models yielded substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 92.2% for immediately after surgery; I2 = 85.6% for 24 h after surgery). Subgroup analyses based on enrolled patients (adults or children) were partially consistent with the overall effects. Immediately after surgery, adult patients demonstrated a significant reduction in the 25-(OH)-VitD level [SMD 0.96, 95%CI (0.64, 1.28), I2 = 17.7%], whereas child patients had a normal level [SMD 0.51, 95%CI (−0.36, 1.39), I2 = 94.5%]. Among data from adults, there was no heterogeneity, and the pooled heterogeneity was considered to originate from child-based studies. At 24-h after cardiac surgery, results from children and adults remained consistent with an overall significant reduction. However, heterogeneities were also demonstrated upon analyses of both subgroups. Egger's test presented an absence of a publication bias with P = 0.713 and P = 0.849 for measurements immediately after and 24-h after cardiac surgery, respectively (Supplementary Figures 1A,B).
Figure 2
Figure 3
Moreover, three studies reported adjusted RRs of VitD deficiency before and 24 h after cardiac surgery. Pooled data demonstrated that cardiac surgery was negatively associated with the VitD level (RR 0.59; 95%CI (0.47, 0.73) (Figure 4) without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 33.5%). Egger's test presented an absence of a publication bias with P = 0.235 (Supplementary Figure 1C).
Figure 4
Severe Events
Eight studies (1, 21–24, 26–28) in our meta-analysis reported postoperative severe events and VitD level. Severe events included postoperative atrial fibrillation (Po-AF) and high SYNTAX score. The latter is an angiographic grading tool to evaluate the complexity and extensity of coronary artery disease (CAD). All lesions causing ≥50% of stenosis in a coronary artery of diameter ≥1.5 mm were included in calculation of the SYNTAX score, and the latter was divided into two groups: high (≥23) and low (<23) (1). AF was confirmed by 12-lead electrocardiography. Three studies (23, 27, 28) described AF as irregular, fast oscillations or fibrillary waves instead of regular P waves at electrocardiography and a range of ventricular rates between 90 and 170 bpm. An AF episode longer than 5 min or which necessitated therapy for hemodynamic instability was accepted as Po-AF. However, two studies (21, 26) did not report the criterion of AF, and one study (24) did not report the standard of Po-AF clearly. Another study (22) defined neither AF nor Po-AF precisely. All these definitions were considered to represent AF or Po-AF in the analyses. In total, the VitD level was decreased significantly after surgery in the severe group [SMD, −0.8; 95%CI (−1.41, −0.19); P = 0.01] (Figure 5) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 94.7%). Egger's test revealed an absence of a publication bias with P = 0.737 (Supplementary Figure 1D).
Figure 5
Maximum VIS
Three studies (2, 19, 31) provided data on the maximum VIS and VitD level. The VIS was calculated by various equations in different studies. One study (31) calculated it using the following equation with the drug dose in μg/kg/min: (dopamine + dobutamine) + (milrinone × 10) + (epinephrine × 100) + (norepinephrine × 100). One study (19) used the following equation with the drug dose in ICU: dopamine (*1) + dobutamine (×1) + amrinone (×1) + milrinone (×15) + epinephrine (×100) + norepinephrine (×100). Another study (2) did not report the specific calculation of VIS, and none of the studies reported the definition of high VIS and low VIS. Given this information and the limited number of related studies, we regarded these definitions as being equivalent. Overall, children undergoing cardiac surgery with a lower postoperative VitD level had a significantly higher VIS [SMD, −3.71; 95%CI (−6.32, −1.10); P = 0.005, I2 = 97.1%] (Figure 6) than that of patients with normal VitD level. Egger's test revealed an absence of a publication bias with P = 0.368 (Supplementary Figure 1E).
Figure 6
Duration of ICU Stay
Four studies (2, 19, 20, 31) provided data on the duration of ICU stay, and classified patients into two groups: VitD- sufficient and VitD-deficient. All studies defined VitD deficiency using this standard. In total, there was no significant difference in the duration of ICU stay [SMD, −0.53; 95%CI (−1.6, 0.09); P = 0.096] between the two groups (Figure 7). Egger's test revealed an absence of a publication bias with P = 0.160 (Supplementary Figure 1F).
Figure 7
Sensitivity Analysis
We systematically and qualitatively analyzed the sensitivity across the included studies to determine the influence of individual studies on the results (Figure 8). We did not detect a significant impact from a single study. We confirmed the direction of the results except for one study (Ripple et al.) in analyses of the relationship between the duration of ICU stay and serum level of VitD (Figure 7). After excluding that study, the result was opposite and identified a significant difference in the duration of ICU stay [SMD, −0.76; 95%CI (−1.52, −0.012); P = 0.046] between groups.
Figure 8
Discussion
There are concerns for VitD deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents because of the limited natural dietary sources of VitD and insufficient sunshine exposure for the cutaneous synthesis of VitD in some areas. Emerging evidence supports a potential role for VitD in maintaining innate immunity and preventing diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cancer, severe asthma, acute respiratory infection, and cardiomyopathy (41–45). An increasing number of studies have reported that VitD deficiency is prevalent in patients, especially those who have undergone cardiac surgery. The prevalence of VitD deficiency in children with congenital heart diseases has been reported to range from 40 to 84% (18, 19, 25). However, among critically ill children, the prevalence of VitD deficiency is not reduced further, and has been reported to range from 35 to 70% (2, 19, 46). We found that cardiac surgery reduced the VitD level, which was negatively associated with adverse outcomes, such as postoperative severe events and a higher SYNTAX score and VIS. These findings are consistent with those in other studies, and may be explained (at least in part) by the high prevalence of postoperative VitD deficiency conferred by borderline-normal or low preoperative levels and an acute intraoperative decline. McNally et al. (19) described that this decline occurs immediately following CPB initiation, which suggests a dilution effect from the prime volume. Another reason for this acute intraoperative decline could be 25-(OH)-VitD absorption on the CPB tubing or oxygenator membrane.
Among the studies (including our meta-analysis), only Ney et al. (30) could not find a reduction in the VitD level after cardiac surgery. Other studies demonstrated that the postoperative VitD level was decreased significantly compared with that before surgery. VitD deficiency could affect cardiovascular health negatively through calcium homeostasis and influence cardiomyocyte and endothelial function through cellular VitD receptors, thereby resulting in postoperative adverse outcomes (47, 48) and various cardiovascular diseases (49–52). Several studies have found that a lower serum VitD level is an independent predictor of CAD (53, 54). Recently, several pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association between VitD deficiency and AF. One of the most important mechanisms is activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. A meta-analysis conducted by Öztürk et al. (55) found a significant relationship between the preoperative level of VitD and AF after cardiac surgery (p < 0.05). Those results were consistent with those of our study, but pooled results had great heterogeneity. Other studies have reported postoperative adverse outcomes, such as intubation duration (2, 5, 19, 23, 31, 37), hospitalization duration (5, 20, 31, 37), mortality (2, 31, 34, 35), and found a significant association with the VitD level. However, pooled analysis was prohibited by few studies. According to our results, the level of VitD do identify the higher possibilities of adverse cardiovascular events and VIS, which would be involved different treatment strategies. Generally, such events lead to longer duration of ICU stay. However, the more positive therapeutic strategies would reduce the difference on ICU stay from adverse prognosis. Although, our analysis demonstrated a negative results, but remained a critical P value as 0.096. Moreover, sensitivity analysis showed one study exclusion would reach a significance results which sufficient VitD help to reduce the duration of ICU stay. So that, we believe the level of VitD would affect the ICU stay but require more studies to be included.
We wished to investigate if preoperative VitD supplementation affects outcomes. Our database search revealed a recent randomized placebo-controlled trial of VitD supplementation in 80 infants with congestive heart failure (8): it showed improvements in clinical symptoms and cardiac functions. Cerit et al. (36) demonstrated an obvious improvement in PO-AF prevalence in patients with VitD deficiency after cardiac surgery between a VitD-supplementation group and control group (18 vs. 29%) (P = 0.02). In addition, VitD treatment may improve the inflammatory status, reduce the apoptosis rate, and regulate the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and electromechanical system of the left atrium (36, 56).
Our meta-analysis had four main limitations. First, only articles written in English were included; therefore, selective, and reporting biases might have been induced. Second, meta-analyses could not be interpreted for many outcomes because of the significant clinical heterogeneity across included studies. Third, definitions of outcomes (e.g., AF, Po-AF, high VIS) in each study were applied in our meta-analysis, and inconsistencies in these definitions might have introduced biases in the pooled results. Fourth, although most of the definitions of VitD deficiency in the included studies were identical to those in the inclusion criteria, the measurement methods varied across studies. Such variation might have induced biases in our results. The scarcity of included studies and undetailed description of confounding factors hindered exploration of the source of heterogeneity by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Therefore, caution should be exercised in interpreting our results or in generalizing these results in clinical practice. Further studies with a higher level of evidence (especially randomized controlled trials) are needed to investigate the association between the VitD level and prognosis after cardiac surgery.
Conclusions
A reduction in the VitD level is prevalent in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. The VitD level is an important predictor for a poor prognosis. VitD could be an indicator to underline the risks of cardiac surgeries. Besides, more prospective studies are needed to explore the prognostic value of the VitD level in patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing cardiac surgery. And trails on peri-operational VitD supplementation are still necessary to identify the advantages of VitD administration.
Funding
All phase of this study was supported by a National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1002301). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Author contributions
YL conceived of the presented idea. JL, YZ, and YL summarized the reference and draft the manuscript. YZ and JL draft the table. YQ, XG, YuH, PY, XZ, LL, and HL participate in interpreting the results from this analysis. KZ and YiH supervised the project. YL approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.734504/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Figure 1Egger's publication bias plots for the assessment of potential publication bias. Each dot represents each study in the meta-analysis. (A) For the VitD level preoperative and immediate post cardiac surgery, and the Egger's plot did not show significant asymmetry (P = 0.713, t = 0.39, 95%CI (−15.13, 20.14), (B) for the VitD level preoperative and 24-h post cardiac surgery, the Egger's plot did not show marked asymmetry, P = 0.849, t = 0.2, 95%CI (−10.37, 12.21), (C) for the RRs of VitD deficiency rate of pre- and 24-h post-cardiac surgery, the Egger's plot did not show significant asymmetry, P =0.235, t = −2.58, 95%CI (−38.02, 25.19), (D) for the relationship between VitD level and severe events, the Egger's plot did not show significant asymmetry, P = 0.737, t = −0.35, 95%CI (−19.55, 14.64), (E) for the relationship between VitD level and maximum VIS, the Egger's plot did not show significant asymmetry, P = 0.368, t = 1.54, 95%CI (−221.27, 282.09), (F) for the relationship between VitD level and ICU stay duration. This Egger's plot indicates no publication bias with a P > 0.05. RR, risk ratio. CI, confidence interval.
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Summary
Keywords
25-(OH)-VitD, cardiac surgery, clinical outcomes, prognosis, meta-analysis
Citation
Zhang Y, Li J, Qiu Y, Gong X, He Y, Yue P, Zheng X, Liu L, Liao H, Zhou K, Hua Y and Li Y (2021) Association Between the Circulating Level of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Clinical Results After Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 8:734504. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.734504
Received
02 July 2021
Accepted
20 October 2021
Published
15 November 2021
Volume
8 - 2021
Edited by
Sarah Longnus, Bern University Hospital, Switzerland
Reviewed by
Shaojung Li, Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Hospital, Taiwan; Maruti Haranal, National Heart Institute, Malaysia; Mohammed Idhrees, SIMS Hospital, India
Updates
Copyright
© 2021 Zhang, Li, Qiu, Gong, He, Yue, Zheng, Liu, Liao, Zhou, Hua and Li.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yifei Li liyfwcsh@scu.edu.cn
†These authors have contributed equally to this work
This article was submitted to Heart Surgery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
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