Introduction
Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a significant global health concern prompting ongoing advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Accurate assessment of myocardial viability is crucial in guiding therapeutic decisions and predicting patient outcomes. While the body of literature on cardiac MRI (CMR) provides insights into viability assessment, existing studies lack comprehensive analyses to inform practitioners about the nuances of measurements and their implications for patient selection and outcomes in chronic infarction. This article aims to propose an assessment method and discuss the need for new research.
Challenge
The current literature recommends assessing viability by calculating the percentage of non-enhanced myocardium across the full myocardial thickness (1). This approach aids in determining the percentage of the viable myocardium, providing valuable information for risk stratification and surgical candidacy. Although effective in evaluating the transmurality of ischemic/infarct-related changes in cases of acute MI, this method is not suitable for assessing chronic infarction (Figure 1), where the myocardium has already undergone thinning.
Figure 1
Cardiac MRI (CMR) with a delayed enhancement sequence, revealing subendocardial delayed enhancement and thinning in the lateral wall, consistent with chronic infarct (A). The illustrations highlight fibrosis corresponding to the CMR delayed enhancement (B,C).
Solution
Assessing myocardial infarct transmurality during the chronic phase requires additional considerations. Following an MI, the affected myocardial region undergoes a complex remodeling process, which includes necrosis of myocardial cells, inflammation, and scar formation, leading to changes in myocardial thickness and function. This remodeling process results in the thinning of the myocardial wall and expansion of the extracellular matrix, indicative of scar tissue formation (2). The chronic phase is characterized by myocardial remodeling, leading to wall thinning in the infarcted region. Accurate estimation of myocardial viability requires determining the initial myocardial thickness, achieved by referencing the healthy myocardium adjacent to the infarcted region. Hence, the authors propose estimating myocardial viability by determining the percentage of non-enhanced myocardium across the neighboring unaffected myocardial thickness adjacent to the infarcted area. This suggestion is supported by the observations that both the degree of wall thinning and transmurality alone are predictive, but not completely specific, for functional recovery of myocardium after revascularization. The authors propose cardiac reserve may be better evaluated by evaluating both as a single entity (3). A similar method was mentioned in another article as an indirect measurement technique; however, the authors did not prefer its use over the conventional method (4).
Illustrative scenario
Initial healthy myocardial thickness: 10 mm
Total thickness of remodeled myocardium: 5 mm
Delayed enhancement in remodeled myocardium: 2 mm
Non-delayed enhancement in remodeled myocardium: 3 mm
According to the existing approach, the calculated viable myocardial percentage is 60% (non-delayed enhancement/total thickness of remodeled myocardium) (Figure 2). However, when compared with the adjoining normal myocardium, the viable myocardium is actually 30% (non-delayed enhancement/initial healthy myocardial thickness). This substantial difference in results raises concerns. Given that a 50% threshold is a critical criterion for determining candidacy for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, the conventional method deems revascularization viable, whereas the proposed approach suggests the tissue may not be viable.
Figure 2
Illustration showing the thickness of delayed enhancement/fibrosis (A), the full thickness of the remodeled myocardium (B), the thickness of the non-enhancing myocardium (C), and the full thickness of the adjacent healthy myocardium (D). The authors recommend calculating viability as C/D, whereas the traditional method employs C/B.
A case report
A 42-year-old patient underwent CMRI for viability assessment. The conventional assessment method yielded a viable myocardial percentage of 53%. In contrast, applying a proposed assessment method resulted in a recalculated viable myocardial percentage of 40% (as illustrated in Supplementary Image S1). Initial diagnostic procedures included an echocardiogram conducted 1 day before the CMRI, which revealed a dilated left ventricle with a significantly reduced ejection fraction of 28%, indicative of impaired systolic function. Following the viability assessment and based on the initial conventional method's findings, the patient underwent CABG. A follow-up echocardiogram post-CABG showed no substantial improvement in the patient's systolic function. The echocardiogram reported a persistently dilated left ventricle with an ejection fraction of 29%.
Discussion
The rationale of this proposal is akin to the surgeon's knot: are we cutting too long or too short? Is the absolute or the relative viability of myocardial tissue more important to patient prognosis and success in revascularization? As radiologists, are we leaving too many patients on the table—or taking too many—based on imperfect measurements? These questions remain unanswered, and as surgical revascularization remains a mainstay of treatment, there is an opportunity for improved patient selection. Therefore, a more accurate understanding of the extent of myocardial damage during the chronic phase can guide long-term management strategies, including the optimization of medical therapy, timing of interventions, and risk stratification for adverse cardiovascular events. This knowledge will contribute to improving patient outcomes and enhancing the overall quality of care in the post-MI setting.
Future CMR research endeavors should seek to elucidate the optimal method for assessing transmurally/viability in chronic MI. Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, myocardial mapping, and advances in MRI technology, hold promise in enhancing the accuracy of transmurality assessments.
In summary, we propose an innovative approach for evaluating myocardial viability by determining the percentage of non-enhanced myocardium across the neighboring unaffected myocardial thickness adjacent to the infarcted area.
Statements
Author contributions
IK: Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing. JC: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing. EM: Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing.
Funding
The authors declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1377230/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Image S1Cardiac MRI (CMR) showing the thickness of delayed enhancement/fibrosis (A), the full thickness of the remodeled myocardium (B), the thickness of non-enhancing myocardium (C), and the full thickness of adjacent healthy myocardium (D). The authors recommend calculating viability as [C/D], while the traditional method employs [C/B].
References
1.
Al-Sabeq B Nabi F Shah DJ . Assessment of myocardial viability by cardiac MRI. Curr Opin Cardiol. (2019) 34(5):502–9. 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000656
2.
Frantz S Hundertmark MJ Schulz-Menger J Bengel FM Bauersachs J . Left ventricular remodelling post-myocardial infarction: pathophysiology, imaging, and novel therapies. Eur Heart J. (2022) 43(27):2549–61. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac223
3.
Garcia MJ Kwong RY Scherrer-Crosbie M Taub CC Blankstein R Lima J et al State of the art: imaging for myocardial viability: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. (2020) 13(7):e000053. 10.1161/HCI.0000000000000053
4.
Van Assche LM Kim HW Kim RJ . Cardiac MR for the assessment of myocardial viability. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. (2013) 9(3):163–8. 10.14797/mdcj-9-3-163
Summary
Keywords
CMR, MI, CABG, viability, DE
Citation
Kabakus IM, Chamberlin JH and Miller EJ (2024) Cardiac MRI assessment of myocardial viability in chronic myocardial infarction: how should we do it?. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 11:1377230. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1377230
Received
27 January 2024
Accepted
11 March 2024
Published
20 March 2024
Volume
11 - 2024
Edited by
Alberto Cipriani, University Hospital of Padua, Italy
Reviewed by
Annagrazia Cecere, University of Padua, Italy
Raimondo Pittorru, University of Padua, Italy
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Kabakus, Chamberlin and Miller.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Ismail M. Kabakus ismail.md.phd@gmail.com
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.