ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
Sec. Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Prevention
This article is part of the Research TopicExploring the Interplay Between Nutrition, Trace Elements, and Cardiovascular HealthView all 6 articles
Prognostic Value of Triglyceride-Glucose Index in Patients with Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Provisionally accepted
Caimei Yao1,2Huanting Liu1,2Youcheng Wang1,2Ziyun Wen3Yongxin Huang4
Lichan Ren5Chao An6Xiyuan Mo7Jiahong Chen7Qiushuang Lin7Genghao Lu7Yimeng Yin7
Liqiu Yan2,8*- 1Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- 2Dongguan Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Aging and Myocardial Regeneration, Dongguan Cardiovascular Institute, Dongguan, China
- 3Dongguan Chashan Hospital, Dongguan, China
- 4Dongguan Dongkeng Hospital, Dongguan, China
- 5Dongguan Huangjiang Hospital, Dongguan, China
- 6Dongguan Qingxi Hospital, Dongguan, China
- 7Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- 8Department of Cardiology & Dongguan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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Background: The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index demonstrates strong links to heightened cardiovascular risk and progressive renal dysfunction. However, its prognostic implications in individuals diagnosed with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome who underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) have yet to be fully elucidated. Methods: A retrospective investigation was conducted involving CKM patients who underwent PCI between January 2014 and September 2017. The TyG index categories were established utilizing X-tile software for classification purposes. The principal endpoints comprised 5-year all-cause mortality (ACM) and cardiac mortality (CM). Associations between the TyG index and ACM/CM were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models, and further examined through restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses. Results: Of the 2,040 patients analyzed, 1,186 (58.14%) were male and 854 (41.86%) female, with 55.83% aged ≥65 years. After analysis with multivariate Cox regression, elevated TyG index measurements demonstrated a notable association with heightened probabilities of ACM and CM occurrence. In comparison to the medium TyG index group, individuals categorized within the low TyG index group exhibited markedly elevated risks for ACM (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.15–2.88) and CM (HR=2.68, 95%CI: 1.32–5.43). Additionally, a higher ACM risk was noted in the high TyG index group (HR = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.01–1.92). The RCS analysis identified no nonlinear association between the TyG index and either outcome (P-values for nonlinearity test: 0.177 and 0.153, respectively). Conclusions: The TyG index independently predicted increased risks of all-cause and cardiac mortality, thus highlighting its utility for risk stratification in CKM syndrome patients following PCI.
Keywords: All-cause mortality, Cardiac mortality, cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, Insulin Resistance, Triglyceride-glucose index
Received: 17 Aug 2025; Accepted: 08 Dec 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yao, Liu, Wang, Wen, Huang, Ren, An, Mo, Chen, Lin, Lu, Yin and Yan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Liqiu Yan
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