ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Cardiovasc. Med.
Sec. Cardiovascular Nursing
The Influence of the IKAP Nursing Model on Wound Healing Following Vacuum Sealing Drainage in Acute Infective Endocarditis: A Retrospective Study
Xichun Zhang
Yingli Shi
Yan Yang
Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, China
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Abstract
Background: Acute infective endocarditis (IE) presents clinical challenges due to its complex pathophysiology and potential for severe complications. Vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) is an essential treatment approach, and nursing care plays a pivotal role in patient outcomes. The Innovative Knowledge-Attitude-Practice (IKAP) nursing model is a patient-centered approach emphasizing health education, behavioral engagement, and self-management support. This study aimed to investigate the association between the IKAP nursing model and wound healing following VSD in patients with acute IE. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 240 patients with acute IE undergoing VSD was conducted from January 2023 to December 2023. Patients were categorized into routine nursing (n=117) and IKAP nursing (n=123) groups based on admission period. Baseline characteristics, VSD details, laboratory results, medication usage, hospitalization details, wound size reduction, pain scores, and postoperative complications were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to adjust for potential confounders. Results: Baseline disease-related characteristics, VSD characteristics, and several laboratory parameters did not significantly differ between the two nursing groups. The IKAP nursing group demonstrated a lower white blood cell count (9.94 ± 2.29 vs. 10.57 ± 2.14 ×109/L, P=0.029), greater wound size reduction at week 4 (3.52 ± 0.82 vs. 3.77 ± 0.95 cm2, P=0.034), lower pain scores at week 4 (5.45 ± 1.93 vs. 5.98 ± 1.85, P=0.031), and reduced incidence of wound infection (0.81% vs. 6.84%, adjusted OR=0.11, 95% CI: 0.01-0.89, P=0.034) and other adverse events (1.63% vs. 8.55%, adjusted OR=0.18, 95% CI: 0.04-0.84, P=0.031) following VSD. However, these differences were not sustained at week 8. Conclusion: The findings suggest a potential association between the IKAP nursing model and improved wound healing, pain management, and reduced postoperative complications in patients undergoing VSD for acute IE, particularly during the early recovery phase. Given the retrospective nature and observed attenuation of effects at week 8, prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Summary
Keywords
Acute InfectiveEndocarditis, IKAP Nursing Model, Retrospective study, Vacuum sealing drainage, Wound Healing
Received
08 August 2025
Accepted
26 January 2026
Copyright
© 2026 Zhang, Shi and Yang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Xichun Zhang
Disclaimer
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