REVIEW article

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

Sec. Cell Death and Survival

Volume 13 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1611936

Exploring the Critical Role of PANoptosis in the Pathogenesis of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Provisionally accepted
Kaisheng  ZhouKaisheng ZhouMingyang  ZouMingyang ZouShaobo  WuShaobo WuWei  SongWei SongHao  DongHao DongYanbo  DongYanbo DongHaihong  ZhangHaihong Zhang*
  • Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), a leading cause of chronic low back pain, imposes a significant global health burden due to its association with aging, inflammation, and mechanical stress. Emerging evidence highlights programmed cell death (PCD) as a pivotal driver of IVDD progression. PANoptosis, a novel integrated cell death mechanism combining pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, has recently gained attention for its role in amplifying inflammatory responses and accelerating disc degeneration. This review synthesizes current knowledge on PANoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), emphasizing its regulatory crosstalk via multiprotein complexes and signaling pathways such as RIPK, caspase activation, and gasdermin-mediated membrane permeabilization. Key triggers, including oxidative stress, cytokine dysregulation, and mechanical compression, exacerbate PANoptosis, leading to NPC loss and extracellular matrix degradation. While therapeutic strategies targeting PANoptosis-related molecules show promise in preclinical studies, clinical translation remains limited. Elucidating the interplay between PANoptosis and other pathological pathways could unveil novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review underscores PANoptosis as a critical axis in IVDD pathogenesis and advocates for multidisciplinary approaches to bridge mechanistic insights into effective clinical interventions.

Keywords: PANoptosis, programmed cell death, Nucleus pulposus cell, Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, Mechanism

Received: 15 Apr 2025; Accepted: 06 Jun 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Zhou, Zou, Wu, Song, Dong, Dong and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Haihong Zhang, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China

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