REVIEW article
Front. Cell Dev. Biol.
Sec. Cancer Cell Biology
Prominent Protumoral Cellular Compartments of the Tumor Microenvironment in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Provisionally accepted
Shuai Sun1*
Pan Zhao2
Changrong Wang2Junjun Du1Tingting Zhang1Xiangyun He2Zhibo Zuo2Nan Li3*Rongjing Zhou1*- 1Department of Pathology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- 2Department of pathology, Westlake University Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- 3Department of pathology, the Second Affiliated hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors expression. This malignancy is often associated with poor prognosis, early recurrence, and limited treatment options. The tumor microenvironment (TME) in TNBC plays a pivotal role in tumor progression, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. In recent years, an increasing body of evidence has highlighted the critical interactions between cancer cells and the components within the TME, including immune cells and soluble components. These interactions influence not only the biological behavior of the tumor but also its response to treatment. Exploring the complex interplay between tumor cells and immune components continues to inform the development of more effective therapeutic approaches. Here, we provide a synopsis of advancement regarding the TME in TNBC. In light of different cellular compartments, we delineate multiscale interplays within the stroma-tumor symbiosis, and highlight their antitumor functions and promising targeting strategies.
Keywords: chemotherapy, Drug Resistance, Immunotherapy, Triple-negative breast cancer, Tumor Microenvironment
Received: 18 Jul 2025; Accepted: 01 Dec 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Sun, Zhao, Wang, Du, Zhang, He, Zuo, Li and Zhou. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Shuai Sun
Nan Li
Rongjing Zhou
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