Association between Periodontal Disease and Alzheimer's Disease: Umbrella Review

Heber Isac Arbildo-Vega¹Fredy Hugo Cruzado-Oliva²Franz Tito Coronel Zubiate^3*Rubén Aguirre-Ipenza⁴Joan Manuel Meza-Málaga⁵Sara Antonieta Luján-Valencia⁶Eduardo Luján-Urviola⁷Adriana Echevarria-Goche⁸Carlos Alberto Farje-Gallardo⁹Tania Belú Castillo-Cornock¹⁰Katherine Serquen-Olano¹⁰Tania Padilla-Cáceres¹¹Luz Marina Caballero-Apaza¹²

• ¹Faculty of Dentistry, Dentistry School; Faculty of Human Medicine, Human Medicine School, Universidad San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru
• ²Faculty of Stomatology, Stomatology School, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
• ³Faculty of Health Sciences, Stomatology School, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
• ⁴Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Continental, Lima, Peru
• ⁵Faculty of Dentistry, Dentistry School. Faculty of Medicine, Medicine School, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
• ⁶Faculty of Dentistry, Dentistry School. Postgraduate School, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
• ⁷Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andina Nestor Caceres Velasquez, Juliaca, Peru
• ⁸Department of Dentistry, Dentistry School, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima District, Peru
• ⁹Faculty of Health Sciences, Stomatology School, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
• ¹⁰Faculty of Dentistry, Dentistry School, Universidad San Martin de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru
• ¹¹Department of General Dentistry, Dentistry School, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Peru
• ¹²Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Peru

Background: Alzheimer´s disease (AD) and periodontal disease (PD) are both chronic conditions with rising global prevalence. Emerging research suggests a possible link between PD-induced systemic inflammation and neurodegeneration observed in AD.Objective: Employ an umbrella review to look into the association between periodontal disease and Alzheimer's disease. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted until March 2025 across various electronic databases, including: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, SciELO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and OpenGrey, and Dissertations and Theses. There were no time or language restrictions on the inclusion of systematic reviews (SR), with or without meta-analysis, as long as they looked at primary research that connected PD and AD. The following were excluded: preclinical and fundamental research, summaries, comments, case reports, protocols, personal opinions, letters, posters, literary or narrative reviews, fast reviews, intervention studies, and observational studies. The quality and general confidence of the included studies were evaluated using the AMSTAR-2 technique. Results: A total of 358 items were found following the first search. 16 articles were left for additional review after the selection criteria were applied. With odds ratios (OR) and risk ratios (RR) ranging from 1.67 to 2.17 and 1.11 to 2.26, respectively, 14 studies showed a correlation between PD and AD. Conclusions: Drawing from the findings and conclusions of the SR demonstrating a high overall confidence, it's established that PD and tooth loss exhibit an association with AD.