Dear Editor in Chief,
With a great interest, we read a recently published paper in Frontier in Endocrinology journal by Vuolo et al., entitled “Vitamin D and Cancer” (Vuolo et al., ). They skillfully reviewed the role of vitamin D in all aspects of cancer such as cancer prevention, immune system and cancer, reverse effect of cancer on vitamin D, and vitamin D status in some important type of malignancy. This issue is a hot topic in oncology, but in this study there are some concerns which undermine the results to make a definite conclusion.
Although they concluded that “The immune system seems to represent a relevant target for the antineoplastic effects of vitamin D,” (Vuolo et al., ) they did not consider anti-neoplastic role of activated form of vitamin D using for immunotherapy of cancer. It was recently shown that a group of vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) so called Gc protein is an important precursor for activating macrophage as one of the main innate immune cell for cancer immunotherapy (Nagasawa et al., ). Although the aim of the review by Vuolo et al. was the role of Vitamin D in cancer, it was confirmed that the level of vitamin D is related to Vitamin D binding proteins (Carpenter et al., ).
In normal tissue, when a neoplastic tissue is arise, DBP is naturally activated by glycosylation and transform to DBP-derived macrophage-activating factor (Gc-MAF) by b-galactosidase and sialidase of B and T cells, respectively, which can activate macrophage to phagocyte the neoplastic cells. Group-specific component protein (Gc) as DBP preserve vitamin D in body fluids and put it available for tissues. But an enzyme (a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase) produced by neoplastic cells deactivate and denaturize this factor and provide neoplastic cells to spread (Yamamoto and Naraparaju, ; Ghanei et al., ). In some clinical studies, Gc-MAF has successfully been used for prostate, colorectal, and breast cancer (Yamamoto and Suyama, ; Yamamoto et al., ,). Therefore, vitamin D has a prominent role in natural tumorocidal activity of immune system as an initial precursor.
References
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CarpenterT. O.ZhangJ. H.ParraE.EllisB. K.SimpsonC.LeeW. M.et al. (2012). Vitamin D binding protein is a key determinant of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in infants and toddlers. J. Bone Miner Res. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1002/jbmr.1735
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GhaneiM.ShohratiM.SaburiA. (2012). The new aspects of immunotherapy in prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1007/s00262-012-1309-2
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NagasawaH.UtoY.SasakiH.OkamuraN.MurakamiA.KuboS.et al. (2005). Gc protein (vitamin D-binding protein): Gc genotyping and GcMAF precursor activity. Anticancer Res. 25, 3689–3695.
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VuoloL.Di SommaC.FaggianoA.ColaoA. (2012). Vitamin D and cancer. Front. Endocrin. 3:58. 10.3389/fendo.2012.00058
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YamamotoN.NaraparajuV. R. (1998). Structurally well-defined macrophage activating factor derived from vitamin D3-binding protein has a potent adjuvant activity for immunization. Immunol. Cell Biol. 76, 237–244. 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1998.00748.x
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YamamotoN.SuyamaH. (2008). Immunotherapy for prostate cancer with Gc protein-derived macrophage-activating factor, GcMAF. Transl. Oncol. 1, 65–72.
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YamamotoN.SuyamaH.NakazatoH.KogaY. (2008a). Immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage-activating factor, GcMAF. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 57, 1007–1016. 10.1007/s00262-007-0431-z
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YamamotoN.SuyamaH.UshijimaN. (2008b). Immunotherapy of metastatic breast cancer patients with vitamin D-binding protein-derived macrophage activating factor (GcMAF). Int. J. Cancer122, 461–467. 10.1002/ijc.23107
Summary
Keywords
cancer immunotherapy, macrophage activating factor, Vitamin D, vitamin binding protein, Gc-MAF
Citation
Karbasi A and Saburi A (2012) Role of vitamin D on cancer immunotherapy. Front. Endocrin. 3:132. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00132
Received
05 September 2012
Accepted
20 October 2012
Published
16 November 2012
Volume
3 - 2012
Edited by
Antongiulio Faggiano, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
Reviewed by
Antongiulio Faggiano, Federico II University of Naples, Italy; Giovanni Vitale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Manuela Albertelli, Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy
Copyright
© 2012 Karbasi and Saburi.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.
*Correspondence: aminsaburi@yahoo.com
This article was submitted to Frontiers in Cancer Endocrinology, a specialty of Frontiers in Endocrinology.
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