ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Clinical Diabetes
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1399990
This article is part of the Research TopicContinuous Glucose Monitoring: Beyond Diabetes ManagementView all 11 articles
Altered Ramadan Fasting Glycemic Profiles of Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Reveal Strong Evidence of Underestimated Insulin Adjustments: A 3-year Observational Study in Arab Settings
Provisionally accepted
- 1King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 2Dallah Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 3Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Capital Governorate, Bahrain
- 4King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 5Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Background: Adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who fast during Ramadan remain a severely understudied population in terms of changes in glycemic control, making evidence-based recommendations for insulin adjustments difficult in this age-group. To fill this gap, we aimed to prospectively observe the changes in glycemic control of young adults with T1D who fast during Ramadan.In this 3-year prospective study, we enrolled participants with T1D with flash glucose monitoring (FGM) data during the Ramadan periods of 2020-2022. CGM data for 4 weeks before, during, and after Ramadan were collected and analyzed. A sub-cohort of age-matched non-DM participants (N=49) who fasted during the Ramadan of 2022 were included for comparison.Results: A total of 76 participants were enrolled, of whom only 39 (19 males and 20 females, mean age 28.1 ± 8.4 years) completed the three-year follow-up. The mean duration of diabetes among these participants was 11.5±8.9 years. Ten (26%) patients were on insulin pump, and 22 (56%) patients received Ramadan-focused education at baseline. Pooled glycemic trends during Ramadan showed two main abnormal glucose spikes: after Iftar (between 16:00-18:00 and 18:00-20:00), with a difference of 15.5mg/dL, and after Suhoor (between 0:00-2:00h to 4:00-6:00), with a difference of 18.8mg/dL. These abnormal glycemic indices persisted a month after Ramadan. In parallel, these glucose spikes were also observed in non-DM participants, but remained within normal limits.Conclusions: Ramadan fasting among adults with T1D in SA is associated with deterioration in glycemic control, with the highest glucose spikes observed after Iftar and Suhoor. These hyperglycemic episodes were most prominent during Ramadan and persisted for at least a month after. The present real-time evidence warrants the need to review insulin adjustments in this understudied group, focusing on high risk patients with T1D, including those with history of overindulgent behavior during Ramadan.
Keywords: ramadan, intermittent fasting, type 1 diabetes, Saudi Arabia, flash glucose monitoring
Received: 12 Mar 2024; Accepted: 06 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Alguwaihes, Alyusuf, Alrajeh, Alotaibi and Al-Sofiani. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Abdullah Alguwaihes, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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