ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Clinical Diabetes
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1559176
This article is part of the Research TopicIs Insulin Resistance the Eminence Grise of Aging and Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases?View all 9 articles
Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among Adult Residents in Dalian: A Nested Case-Control Study
Provisionally accepted
- Department of Endocrinology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
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Objective: This study aimed to investigate risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MS) among adult residents in Dalian, Liaoning Province , China, using a nested case-control design. Methods: Adult participants from Dalian who took part in both baseline and follow-up phases of the Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals: A Longitudinal (REACTION) Study were evaluated through standardized questionnaires, physical examinations, and biochemical analyses. A total of 536 individuals diagnosed with MS were matched in a 1:4 ratio to 2,144 controls based on comparable demographic and clinical characteristics. Group differences were assessed via t-tests, rank sum tests, and χ² tests. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was applied to identify risk factors for MS. Results: (1) The case group demonstrated significantly higher values for body weight(67.42±9.77vs62.39±9.31, P<0.001), body mass index (BMI) (25.99±3.36vs24.00±3.14, P<0.001), hip circumference (HC) (100.72±6.47vs97.84±6.38, P<0.001), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‑IR) (2.27±1.19vs1.70±0.92, P<0.001),total cholesterol (TC) (5.54±1.08vs5.40±0.97, P=0.003), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (3.38(2.79,3.96)vs3.17(2.67,3.71) , P<0.001), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (16.00(13.00,21.00)vs15.00(11.00,19.00), P<0.001), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (22.00(17.00,33.00)vs18.00(14.00,27.00), P<0.001), serum uric acid (UA) (303.50(263.00,355.00)vs281.00(245.00,325.00), P<0.001), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (5.93±0.88vs5.75±0.68, P<0.001), and fasting insulin (FINS) (8.05(5.90,10.70)vs6.15(4.60,8.30), P<0.001). (2) Higher prevalence rates were also observed for coronary heart disease (4.86%vs2.87%, P=0.020), habitual snoring (66.53%vs54.96%, P<0.001), and consumption of fresh juice (17.99% vs 13.12%, P=0.004), beef and mutton (78.42%vs74.07%, P=0.038), and soda the case group (20.15%vs16.32%, P=0.049). Meanwhile, lower participation in aerobic activities(1.20% vs 2.92%, P=0.030) and shorter average daily sleep duration (7.55±1.02vs7.69±1.17, P=0.028) were noted in the case group. (3) Regression analysis identified longer average daily sleep duration as a protective factor(OR=0.844, 95%CI: 0.761-0.936, P=0.001), while fresh juice intake(OR=1.846, 95%CI: 1.315-2.592, P<0.001), beef and mutton consumption(OR=1.282, 95%CI:1.007-1.632, P=0.044), LDL-C(OR=1.409, 95%CI: 1.245-1.595, P<0.001), GGT(OR=1.004, 95%CI: 1.001-1.008, P=0.017), UA(OR=1.005, 95%CI: 1.003-1.007, P<0.001), HOMA-IR (OR=1.464, 95%CI: 1.313-1.633, P<0.001), HC(OR=1.030, 95%CI: 1.007-1.053, P=0.009), and BMI(OR=1.118, 95%CI: 1.064-1.174, P<0.001)were significant risk factors.Conclusion: LDL-C, GGT, UA, HOMA-IR, HC, BMI, daily sleep duration, and consumption of beef and mutton, and fresh juice were strongly associated with the incidence of MS among adult residents in Dalian.
Keywords: metabolic syndrome, Risk factors, Nested case-control study, Fresh juice, beef and mutton, sleep duration, adult residents in Dalian
Received: 12 Jan 2025; Accepted: 27 Jun 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Rong, Luo, Li and Gao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Xinyu Li, Department of Endocrinology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
Zhengnan Gao, Department of Endocrinology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, China
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