REVIEW article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Neuroendocrine Science
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1580947
This article is part of the Research TopicNeuroprotective and Therapeutic Effects of Progesterone, Allopregnanolone, and Their DerivativesView all 5 articles
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder as a potential predisposing factor for Alzheimer's disease:A review
Provisionally accepted
- 1Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- 2贵州中医药大学 中医养生学, Guiyang, China
- 3Qinhuangdao Shanhaiguan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Qinhuangdao, China
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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) differ significantly in terms of onset period and clinical manifestations. However, recent studies suggest that the two conditions may share potential links at the neuroendocrine and molecular levels.This review synthesizes current research progress and explores the intersecting biological pathways between PMDD and AD, with a particular focus on dynamic fluctuations in estradiol (E2) and allopregnanolone (ALLO), dysregulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic system and serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmitter systems, and sex-specific vulnerability associated with the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE ε4) allele.These mechanisms suggest that PMDD may serve as a potential biological precursor state for AD, offering valuable implications for early screening and intervention.The analysis provides new theoretical insights and research directions for identifying high-risk female populations, understanding sex differences in AD pathogenesis, and developing targeted therapeutic strategies.
Keywords: ：Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Alzheimer's disease, neurotransmitters, Hormonal fluctuations, Neuroinflammation
Received: 21 Feb 2025; Accepted: 23 Sep 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yang, Cheng, Jiang, Du, Zhao, Luo and Zhang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Zhen liang Luo, luozhenliang372@gzy.edu.cn
Zhen Zhang, zhangzhen035@gzy.edu.cn
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