ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Pediatric Endocrinology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1599366
Glucose Levels in At-risk Newborns (GLEAN): A Prospective Cohort Study on Glucose Profiles in Infants at Risk of Hypoglycemia
Provisionally accepted
Fabian Yap1,2
Daniel Chan1,2*
Ruther Teo Zheng1,2Lakshmi Shandra Bos2,3
Victor Samuel Rajadurai2,3Suresh Chandran2,3- 1Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- 2Singapore Health Services Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
- 3Department of Neonatology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Objective: To describe glucose patterns in at-risk infants, determine the incidence of hypoglycemia across different risk groups, and evaluate the impact of combined risk factors on odds of developing hypoglycemia.Study Design: This prospective cohort study was conducted at KK Women's and Children's Hospital from 16 December 2019 to 16 March 2020, during which 2,564 babies were born. Of these, 701 were identified as at-risk of hypoglycemia based on predefined clinical criteria: infants of diabetic mothers (IDM), term infants with birth weight >4000 g or <2600 g, , preterm infants, and infants of obese mothers (IOM). Risk group classification was refined using INTERGROWTH-21 st standards, and infants were further stratified by the presence of single and combined risk factors. Complete glucose measurements at 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours were available for 670 infants (95.6%). The primary outcomes were glucose trends and the incidence of hypoglycaemia, defined as blood glucose <3 mmol/L.Mean glucose levels stabilized between 3.8 and 4.0 mmol/L by 24 hours. The highest incidence of hypoglycemia was observed in single risk factor SGA infants (22.6%), followed by IOM (16%), a group less studied in hypoglycaemia risk assessments. This was comparable to the incidence seen in IDM (13.0%). In contrast, single risk factor LGA infants exhibited the lowest incidence of hypoglycemia (6.2%). Infants with combined risk factors had a higher incidence of hypoglycemia compared to those with a single risk factor (18.5% vs 15.9%) and showed higher odds of hypoglycemia compared to those with a single risk factor (OR 2.47; 95% CI: 0.98-6.08, p = 0.049).Glucose trajectories and hypoglycemia risks differ across clinically defined at-risk groups, underscoring the importance of targeted screening and management protocols. Stratifying infants by single and combined risk factors provided additional insight that may support future refinements to neonatal hypoglycaemia clinical guidelines.
Keywords: neonatal endocrinology, Hypoglycaemia, Glucose, Neonatology, Endocrinology
Received: 24 Mar 2025; Accepted: 15 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yap, Chan, Zheng, Bos, Rajadurai and Chandran. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Daniel Chan, Singapore Health Services Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
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