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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Endocrinol.

Sec. Thyroid Endocrinology

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1612008

Wheat Grain Moxibustion Ameliorates Oxidative Stress in PTU-Induced Hypothyroid Rats via cAMP/PKA Pathway Activation

Provisionally accepted
Jing  QinJing Qin1Tingting  LiuTingting Liu1Xiangyue  ZhangXiangyue Zhang1Xueni  ChenXueni Chen1Jie  QinJie Qin1Muhammad Shahzad  AslamMuhammad Shahzad Aslam2,3Huimin  FengHuimin Feng1Yanhui  ZhangYanhui Zhang4Xiaoxu  WangXiaoxu Wang1Tiansheng  ZhangTiansheng Zhang1,4*Chongyao  HaoChongyao Hao1,4*
  • 1Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
  • 2School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University, Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 3School of Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University,, Fujian, China
  • 4Shanxi Acupuncture Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Background: Hypothyroidism is a systemic hypometabolic disorder characterized by thyroid hormone deficiency and is closely associated with oxidative stress. The cAMP/PKA signaling pathway is critically involved in regulating thyroid hormone secretion and reducing oxidative stress. This study investigates whether wheat grain moxibustion alleviates hypothyroidism in a hypothyroidism model by attenuating 25 oxidative stress and activating the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Methods: The hypothyroid rat model was established by administering propylthiouracil. Following wheat grain moxibustion treatment, rat general condition, behavioral performance, and thyroid function were assessed. Then thyroid tissues and serum samples were collected. Thyroid tissue microstructure was examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Serum levels of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and cAMP were quantified using ELISA. Protein expression of signaling pathway components was detected via WB, while corresponding mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. To clarify the relationship between cAMP/PKA signaling and oxidative stress, the PKA inhibitor H-89 was administered to a subset of wheat grain moxibustion-treated rats. Results: Wheat grain moxibustion treatment ameliorated the general condition, behavioral performance, and thyroid hormone profiles in propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid rats. Furthermore, it significantly reduced serum levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, while enhancing the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, collectively indicating attenuated oxidative stress. Concurrently, wheat grain moxibustion activated the cAMP/PKA pathway, demonstrated by elevated serum cAMP levels, downregulated phosphodiesterase 3A expression, upregulated PKA expression, and increased phosphorylation of CREB in thyroid tissues. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of this pathway with H-89 reversed the ameliorative effects of wheat grain moxibustion on oxidative stress. Conclusion: Wheat grain moxibustion ameliorates oxidative stress in a propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid rat model, mediated through activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. These results indicate its potential therapeutic utility in hypothyroidism management and mitigation of oxidative injury.

Keywords: wheat grain moxibustion, Hypothyroidism, Oxidative Stress, cAMP/PKA pathway, PDE3A, CREB

Received: 15 Apr 2025; Accepted: 07 Oct 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Qin, Liu, Zhang, Chen, Qin, Aslam, Feng, Zhang, Wang, Zhang and Hao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Tiansheng Zhang, zts910@163.com
Chongyao Hao, 516506996@qq.com

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