Editorial: Exosome-Based Advances in Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases: From Diagnosis to Therapy

ALOK RAGHAV^1,2,3*Jamal Ahmad⁴

• ¹College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
• ²Chandigarh University, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, India
• ³Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India
• ⁴Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

The dynamic interplay between exosomes and diabetes pathophysiology has increasingly attracted scientific attention, establishing exosomes not merely as passive vesicles, but as active mediators of disease mechanisms, diagnostics, and therapeutics. A close examination of recent contributions to the field, as reflected in several impactful articles from Frontiers in Endocrinology, highlights a progressive narrative of discovery, innovation, and translational potential.In an earlier contribution to this growing body of work, Mishra et al. (1) explored the therapeutic potential of urinary exosomes (uE) derived from rats with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Their study provided compelling evidence that uE carries reno-protective miRNAs, such as miR-24-3p and miR-200c-3p, which are depleted in the renal tissues of diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients but enriched in their urine. Injecting these exosomes back into diabetic rats restored renal miRNA levels and attenuated pathological changes. This was among the first demonstrations that reintroducing urinary-excreted miRNAs can therapeutically mitigate renal injury in diabetes, suggesting a novel angle in RNA-based treatment strategies for DN (1).Advancing from renal complications to vascular dysfunction, Xie et al. (2) highlighted the deleterious role of peripheral blood-derived exosomal miR-135a-3p in promoting vascular injury in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Their study used both in silico and in vitro models to demonstrate that miR-135a-3p targets ATM-a key kinase involved in DNA damage repairand alters the ErbB signalling pathway, leading to increased vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. This study gives deep insights into the mechanistic driving of miRNA in diabetes microvascular complications and posing miR-135a-3p as a potential biomarker along with a therapeutic target in vascular injury (2).Progressing the findings further, Gao et al. (3) fabricate the present understanding of exosomal microRNA (miRNAs) in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Their comprehensive findings summarize how secretory vesicle exosomes serve to be carriers of pathogenic signals released from stressed cardiomyocytes contributing to impaired angiogenesis and exacerbating fibrosis in the diabetic heart. Specifically, the authors quoted that exosomal miRNAs particularly those which modulate the ERK1/2 and p38MAPK mechanism, can be leveraged to develop cardioprotective approaches. The study emphasized the potential of exosome profiling in early diabetic cardiomyopathy screening and targeted miRNA-based therapies, thus opening new windows in cardiac care for diabetic patients (3).Meanwhile, a crucial observation in paediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) done by Bai et al. ( 4) discovered the exosomal protein signatures in T1DM children. Mass spectroscopybased proteomics was exploited by the authors to report differential protein expression in plasma-derived exosomes that have crucial role in immune regulation, homeostasis, and cellular stress stimuli. Conspicuously, these exosomal profile were found to be normalize in controlled HbA1c scenario. These findings encouraged the implication of exosomal proteins as biomarkers for the early detection of disease and surrogates for therapeutic response in T1D (4). Synchronously, by investigating the role of beta (β) cells senescence in modulating the nature of secretory exosomes (EVs) content in T1D by Motlagh et al. (5) supplemented a newer perspective to this discussion. According to this study, senescent β-cells release EVs that are enriched in pro-inflammatory miRNAs and SASP, which aid in the advancement of the disease. This study urges for further investigations into how cellular ageing alters EV cargo and its potential in targeted clearance of senescent cells in T1D therapy by presenting EVs as modulators of immune activation (5).Han et al., (6) provided landmark observation in which they stated that the adipose tissues derived extracellular vesicles mediate inter-organ communication in obesity, a common prelude to type 2 diabetes in metabolic context. The divergent role of extracellular vesicles from healthy versus obese adipose tissues were distinguished in this study. The latter banquets inflammatory and metabolic dysfunction, whereas the former encourages tissue repair and metabolic homeostasis. Momentously, the authors focussed that these EVs can be isolated from lipoaspirates and can be used for therapeutic role because of their low immunogenicity and modifiability (6).Irrevocably, study by authors Pian et al. (7) on pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia inaudibly strengthens the exosomal-diabetes axis. While mainly intended at precursors of pancreatic cancer, highlighting miRNAs like miR-21 and miR-155 both pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia associated and prior pleasers of diabetic inflammation. The observations here highlight the wider implication of miRNA based intracellular communication to endocrine and oncological diseases, unveiling molecular currency across disease spectrums (7). Summarizing, these observations on exosomes as multifaceted contributors, in the landscape of diabetes mellitus. Their protagonist role spans an eclectic spectrum from prompting renal and vascular complications to curbing immune responses, driving β-cell senescence, altering adipose tissue signalling, and alongside contributing to tumorigenic events. With advent of time, research has progressed from exploration of specific miRNAs to reconnoitring comprehensive proteomic and transcriptomic profiles, marking significant improvements. These intuitions offer immense promise for reforming the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. There is an unrelenting necessity for standardized protocols in exosome isolation, cargo characterization, clinical grade production at mass level and their application. Furthermore, a meticulous mechanistic understanding of EVs biogenesis in diabetic scenario and the fabrication of targeted delivery systems for therapeutic use are crucial next phases. Despite these obstacles, the future is encouraging as molecular gears become more polished, so does our potential to leverage these nanoscale vesicles for precise and personalized approaches to diabetes mellitus and its associated complications management.