REVIEW article
Front. Endocrinol.
Sec. Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1674756
Exploring Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review of the Pathophysiology, Management and Prevention, Current Insights and Future Perspectives
Provisionally accepted
- 1Bharat Institute of Technology, Meerut, India
- 2ESIC Medical College and Hospital Faridabad, Faridabad, India
- 3ICMR - National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
- 4HRIT Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
- 5Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ghaziabad, India
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ABSTRACT An Integrated Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Synergistic Links Between Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, Diagnostic Criteria, Therapeutic Strategies & Clinical Outcomes. Objective: To review the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, management strategies, and epidemiological trends of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A narrative review was performed using current clinical guidelines, epidemiological data, and evidence-based literature on type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis and management. Results: Type 2 diabetes mellitus arises from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion and, if uncontrolled, leads to complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis relies on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and oral glucose tolerance testing. Lifestyle modification—diet, physical activity, and weight control—remains the cornerstone of treatment, while pharmacological therapy with oral agents or insulin is indicated when lifestyle measures are insufficient. Globally, Type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence continues to increase, driven by aging populations, sedentary lifestyles, and unhealthy diets. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents a growing public health burden. Effective management requires early detection, patient education, and adherence to combined lifestyle and pharmacological interventions. Population-level strategies targeting modifiable risk factors are essential to reduce disease incidence and prevent complications.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Resistance, Hyperglycaemia, pathophysiology, Risk factors, Epidemiology
Received: 28 Jul 2025; Accepted: 17 Sep 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 ., Verma, Singh, Rathi, Sahu and Gupta. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Himanshu ., 8650910himanshurana@gmail.com
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