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REVIEW article

Front. Endocrinol.

Sec. Cardiovascular Endocrinology

Cardioprotective therapies for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. The emerging role of thyroid hormone. A narrative review

Provisionally accepted
Konstantinos GrigoriouKonstantinos Grigoriou1*Paschalis KarakasisPaschalis Karakasis2Vasileios LamprouVasileios Lamprou3George MichasGeorge Michas4Konstantinos PamporisKonstantinos Pamporis1Athanasios TrikasAthanasios Trikas1,4CONSTANTINOS PANTOSCONSTANTINOS PANTOS1Iordanis MourouzisIordanis Mourouzis1
  • 1Department of Pharmacology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
  • 2Second Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  • 3Manchester Heart Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
  • 4Geniko Nosokomeio Athenon O Euangelismos Kardiologiko, Athens, Greece

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The mortality rates and the incidence of cardiac remodeling and subsequent heart failure remain high, despite ongoing advancements in the management of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Most of the adjunctive therapies aiming to further reduce myocardial infarction (MI) size have failed to apply in daily clinical practice. In this context, new promising therapeutic approaches aiming to enhance myocardial salvage have emerged. Recent studies have suggested that thyroid hormone (TH) may have regenerative effects on ischemic myocardium. Immediate treatment with TH appears to trigger repair and the regeneration process in the injured myocardium, especially in patients with large infarct sizes. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the most recent advances in the use of TH for salvaging ischemic myocardium following STEMI and place it among the most promising cardioprotective therapies. Emphasis is placed on preclinical and clinical data that highlight the favorable effects of TH in enhancing myocardial recovery and improving outcomes after acute myocardial ischemia.

Keywords: Thyroid hormone, Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, Cardioprotective Strategies, Myocardial Infarction, Infarct size, post-ischemic cardiac remodeling

Received: 01 Sep 2025; Accepted: 27 Nov 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Grigoriou, Karakasis, Lamprou, Michas, Pamporis, Trikas, PANTOS and Mourouzis. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Konstantinos Grigoriou

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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