Multiscale information processing in the immune system

Roberto Navarro Quiroz¹Jose Villarreal Camacho^2,3Eloina Zarate Peñata⁴Yesit Bello Lemus⁴Claudio López-Fernández⁵Lorena Gomez Escorcia¹Cecilia Fernandez-Ponce⁶Martha Rebolledo Cobos⁷Jennifer Fandiño Moreno³Ornella Fiorillo-Moreno^8,9Elkin Navarro Quiroz^1,10,4*

• ¹Center for Research in Critical Dynamics, Barranquilla, Colombia
• ²Universidad Libre (Colombia), Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
• ³Universidad Metropolitana, Barranquilla, Colombia
• ⁴Simón Bolívar University, Barranquilla, Colombia
• ⁵University of Chile, Santiago, Santiago Metropolitan Region (RM), Chile
• ⁶University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
• ⁷Fundación Universitaria Panamericana, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
• ⁸Clinica Iberoamerica, Barranquilla, Colombia
• ⁹Clinica del Carmen, Barranquilla, Colombia
• ¹⁰Fundación Universitaria San Martín, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia

The immune system is an advanced, multiscale adaptive network capable of processing biological information across molecular, cellular, tissue, and systemic levels, demonstrating remarkable properties such as antifragility and criticality. We propose a unified theoretical framework based on six canonical functions—sensing, coding, decoding, response, feedback, and learning—that act as scale-invariant operational units, integrating molecular precision, collective cellular intelligence, and systemic coordination into coherent adaptive responses. Through this lens, immune function emerges from universal principles of complex network organization, including symmetry breaking, self-organized criticality, modularity, and small-world topology. These insights pave the way toward a predictive immunology grounded in fundamental physical principles, enabling novel computational modeling approaches and facilitating personalized therapeutic interventions that exploit inherent immunological robustness and plasticity.