ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Parasite Immunology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1598028
Multi-omics approaches reveal the mechanisms underlying the interaction between Cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus and host immune cells
Provisionally accepted- 1Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- 2Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University,, Nanjing, China
- 3The Friendship Hospital of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Yining, Xinjiang, China
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Background:Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid (EgCF) is a complex mixture of parasite's containing a variety of antigens. Th9 cells are a newly reported subpopulation of Th cells whose primary function is to secrete IL-9 and exert biological effects.Research on whether antigens in the vesicle fluid can evade the host immune response by increasing IL-9 secretion is limited.:The effects of EgCF on lymphocyte function in mice were evaluated using CCK-8 and flow cytometry for apoptosis. The effect of EgCF on CD4 + IL-9 + T cell differentiation was reflected by flow cytometry. The expression of TGF-β, IL-4, PU.1, IRF4 and IL-9 was detected by WB, qRT-PCR and ELISA under the influence of varying concentrations of EgCF. Analysis of differential metabolites and genes in mouse splenic lymphocytes was stimulated by EgCF using metabolomics and transcriptomics. Results:Different concentrations of EgCF stimulated lymphocytes, promoted cell proliferation and apoptosis, facilitated the differentiation of CD3 + T cells and CD4 + IL-9 + T cells in splenic lymphocytes, and inhibited the differentiation of CD4 + T cells. It regulated the host immune response by up-regulating Th9 cell-associated cytokines such as IL-4, TGF-β, IL-9 and related transcription factors PU.1 and IRF4. Metabolomic analysis identified 221 differential metabolites, 12 up-regulated and 11 down-regulated. These metabolites were primarily enriched in metabolic pathways such as beta-Alanine metabolism and Pyrimidine metabolism. Transcriptome analysis identified 16,694 differentially expressed genes, highlighting necroptosis and TGF-β signaling as top pathways, where Hgf and Myof were potential diagnostic markers. Conclusions:Metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses help identify potential candidate genes and provide diagnostic tools for future research and the discovery of new therapeutic targets. EgCF may regulates the host immune response by upregulating Th9 cell-related cytokines such as IL-4, TGF-β and IL-9, along with related transcription factors PU.1 and IRF4. This provides a theoretical basis for understanding how Echinococcus granulosus modulates the host immune response and may offer new research avenues for immunoprophylaxis against Echinococcus granulosus.
Keywords: Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid, Interleukin-9, Splenic lymphocyte, Metabolomics, Transcriptomics
Received: 22 Mar 2025; Accepted: 31 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 He, Yan, Shi, Aierken, Zhang, Wen and Aimulajiang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Hao Wen, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
Kalibixiati Aimulajiang, Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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