ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1602579
This article is part of the Research TopicUnraveling Sex Disparities in Cancer Immunotherapy: Hormonal and Genetic InfluencesView all articles
EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF ESTROGEN AND ANDROGEN RECEPTORS IN NSCLC PATIENTS ACCORDING TO THE PD-L1 PROFILE
Provisionally accepted- 1National Autonomous University of Mexico, México City, Mexico
- 2National Institute of Respiratory Diseases-Mexico (INER), Mexico City, México, Mexico
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Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most common type. Immunotherapy targeting programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blockade has significantly improved survival, but differences in responses by sex have been reported, suggesting a possible role of sex hormones. Estrogens and androgens, through their receptors support lung carcinogenesis, but their role in immune evasion via the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway remains poorly understood.We analyzed by immunohistochemistry the expression patterns of estrogen receptors (ERa and ERb) and androgen receptor (AR) in 95 PD-L1-positive (PD-L1+) and 72 PD-L1 negative (PD-L1-) NSCLC patients by sex and hormonal status. We also investigated associations between hormonal receptors, PD-L1 profile, PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS), and clinical features (cancer stage according to the TNM stage of cancer, smoking history, wood smoke exposure, and asbestos exposure).Results: ERb was the predominant form of estrogen receptor in PD-L1-patients, while ERa expression was significantly higher in PD-L1+ patients and strongly associated with the PD-L1+ profile, regardless of sex or hormonal status. AR expression was low across all groups and showed no association with PD-L1. Among PD-L1+ patients, ERα expression levels were highest in premenopausal women, followed by men and postmenopausal women. ERa levels in the PD-L1+ group, were not associated with PD-L1 TPS or with clinical features.The estrogen pathway, particularly via ERa, plays a key role in PD-L1 expression and may contribute to tumor immune evasion. Antiestrogen therapy could represent a promising strategy to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in patients expressing ERs.
Keywords: estrogen receptor, androgen receptor, NSCLC, PD-L1, Immunotherapy
Received: 30 Mar 2025; Accepted: 26 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Rodriguez-Lara, Cortés-Ramírez, Angeles-Torres, Rodriguez-Cid, Pedraza-Reyes, Avila-Costa, Prado-Garcia, Ordoñez-Librado and Cerbon. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Vianey Rodriguez-Lara, National Autonomous University of Mexico, México City, Mexico
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