MINI REVIEW article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1608215
This article is part of the Research TopicExploring the Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Disease Screening, Diagnosis, Treatment, and NursingView all 10 articles
Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Advance in Immunotherapy in Melanoma Bone Metastasis
Provisionally accepted
- 1Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Kunming Children′s Hospital, Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China, Kunming, China
- 2Department of orthopaedic,The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu People’s Hospital), 47 Youyi Rd, Luohu District, Shenzhen, China, Shenzhen, China
- 3Department of dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan university, 176 Qingnian Rd, Wuhua District, Kunming, China, Kunming, China
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Melanoma frequently develops bone metastases, leading to skeletal-related events and poor survival.The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in melanoma progression, bone metastasis, and immunotherapy resistance. Key immunosuppressive cells including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and cancerassociated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote immune evasion and osteolytic bone destruction via RANKLdependent and -independent mechanisms. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, have revolutionized melanoma treatment, yet resistance remains common due to TME immunosuppression. Emerging strategies, such as combination therapies, aim to enhance efficacy by reshaping the TME. This review synthesizes current knowledge on TME-driven immunosuppression, bone metastasis mechanisms, and immunotherapeutic advancements, offering insights into overcoming resistance and improving patient outcomes.
Keywords: Melanoma, bone metastasis, Osteoclasts, Tumor Microenvironment, immune checkpoint inhibitors, Immunotherapy
Received: 08 Apr 2025; Accepted: 06 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Ma, Zhang and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Weimin Liu, Department of dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan university, 176 Qingnian Rd, Wuhua District, Kunming, China, Kunming, China
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