CASE REPORT article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Microbial Immunology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1620545
Immune-Modulating Therapy with Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) in Refractory Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis – a case report
Provisionally accepted
- 1Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada
- 2Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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This report outlines the case of a woman with rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis following diabetic ketoacidosis, refractory to systemic and local antifungal treatment as well as repeated extensive sinonasal debridement. Adjunctive Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) therapy was associated with significant clinical improvement. This treatment restored visual acuity, and the excellent outcomes were maintained at the 24-month follow-up. This is the first report of successful use of a short course (5 days) of GM-CSF for refractory rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis in an adult patient after diabetic ketoacidosis, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this pragmatic approach.
Keywords: Mucormycosis, GM-CSF, Immunomodulation, Mucorales, case report
Received: 29 Apr 2025; Accepted: 29 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Tremblay, Thayanantham, Kalin-Hajdu, Dufresne and Lapointe. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Jan-Alexis Tremblay, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada
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