Exploring Immunological Alterations of B Cells in Peripheral Immunity via Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: Insights into Primary Membranous Nephropathy

Fang Lu¹Si Chen¹Honglei Guo¹Qing Li¹Lin Wu¹Pan Ying¹Yangfan Wu¹Hua Shu¹Simeng Liu¹Bo Zhang¹Huijuan Mao¹Changying Xing¹Hongwei Liang^2*Su yan Duan^1*Yanggang YUAN^1*

• ¹Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
• ²School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

Background: Primary Membranous Nephropathy (PMN) is characterized by dysregulated immune responses, with B cells playing critical roles in disease pathogenesis. However, the immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying B cell involvement in PMN remain elusive.We employed single-cell RNA sequencing on peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples (PBMC) obtained from 6 patients with PMN and 3 healthy controls (NC) to explore the transformation of B cells and their interaction with immune cells.Results: Compared with NC, the most significant alterations were in plasma cells and regulatory B (Breg) cells in PMN patients. Within plasma cells, Subcluster 0 was increased in PMN patients and exhibited enhanced autoimmunity. Breg subset B10 cells were elevated in PMN patients and displayed increased immune regulatory capacity, marked by enhanced cytokine and interleukin-10 production. B cell activating factor (BAFF) and galectin-9, which were secreted by CD14 monocyte, as potential regulators of plasma and Breg cells activity. Additionally, serum galectin-9 levels increased in PMN patients and showed a correlation with proteinuria and renal function in PMN.We reveal novel insights into the heterogeneity and functional diversity of B cells in patients with PMN. And revealed distinct roles for subgroup 0 plasma cells and B10 Breg cells in the pathogenesis of PMN. Furthermore, targeting B cells, such as galectin-9, presents promising opportunities for modulating the immune response in patients with PMN.