ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Immunol.
Sec. Comparative Immunology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1622416
This article is part of the Research TopicAdvancing Immunogenetics: Challenges and Innovations in IG and TR Loci ResearchView all 6 articles
Evaluating Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Beta -2 -Microglobulin -A Theoretical Study
Provisionally accepted
- 1Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- 2Faculty of Computer Science - Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Background: -In Immunology, many molecules are composed of Immunoglobulin domains. Beta 2 Microglobulin (B2M) is the smallest Immunoglobulin Domain Superfamily member composed of a single domain that is highly conserved in nature in all vertebrates with low rate of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP).Objective: -We wanted to mathematically evaluate the effects of the SNP'sinduced Amino Acid (AA) substitutions on the primary structure of the protein.Methods: -A C++ computer program code was written to take the 360 B2M mature DNA nucleotide sequences giving back the corresponding protein sequence of 119 AA. For each nucleotide the corresponding 3 possible SNP's were generated and the 9 possible modifications per triplet were assessed, taking into consideration critically located AA's like Cysteine residues involved in disulfide bond formation and the formation of Stop Codons. We used Sneath Score for resemblance of chemical structure to further evaluate the AA Substitutions.Results: -In 22.1% of SNP's no change in the resulting AA was seen, and in 25.4% of cases a relatively small change was seen with an AA of the same group (Positively Charged, Negatively Charged, Polar, Special and Hydrophobic AA). In 5.3% of the cases, a Stop codon was generated which will lead to an early catastrophic termination of the DNA transcription process. Most cases of SNP's (47.2%) involve a relatively big change characterized by the substitution by an AA of a totally different chemical group leading to a possibly significant result.Conclusions: -The occurrence of SNP's in B2M is an important "random" event that can affect the structure of the protein. We attempted to evaluate the effect of SNP's on the primary structure of B2M and concluded that there is need to improve the computer software programs evaluating the effect of SNP's and other genetic modifications on the proteins as well as improving the scoring systems evaluating the AA substitutions.
Keywords: Single nucleotide polymorphism, Immunoglobulin Domain Superfamily, Beta 2 microglobulin, amino acid substitutions, Genetics
Received: 03 May 2025; Accepted: 08 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Daoud, Alqarqaz and Al Okor. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Ammar Khaled Daoud, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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