REVIEW article

Front. Immunol.

Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1626369

This article is part of the Research TopicCell Models and Preclinical Validation of Immune-mediating Biological TherapiesView all articles

From Spheroids to Organoids: Next-Generation Models for CAR-T Cell Therapy Research in Solid Tumors

Provisionally accepted
Mégane JassinMégane Jassin1*Alix BlockAlix Block1,2Laury DesirontLaury Desiront1Louise VranckenLouise Vrancken1,2Celine GregoireCeline Gregoire2Fréderic BaronFréderic Baron1,2Grégory EhxGrégory Ehx1,3Ti Tham NguyenTi Tham Nguyen1Jo CaersJo Caers1,2
  • 1Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
  • 2Department of Hematology, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
  • 33Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium

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Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is a revolutionary immunotherapy involving the genetic modification of T cells to express chimeric receptors targeting specific tumor antigens. Over the past decade, CAR-T therapy has significantly advanced with the development of five generations of CAR-T cells, each introducing modifications to enhance T cell efficacy, persistence, and the ability to overcome immune evasion mechanisms. The manufacturing of CAR-T cells has also evolved, employing techniques such as viral vector transduction or CRISPR-based gene editing, lipid nanoparticle, or transposon mediated approaches, to optimize their function. However, the

Keywords: car-t, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, Solid tumor, 3D culture, Tumor Microenvironment, spheroid, Organoid, Immunotherapy

Received: 10 May 2025; Accepted: 23 Jun 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Jassin, Block, Desiront, Vrancken, Gregoire, Baron, Ehx, Nguyen and Caers. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Mégane Jassin, Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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