Transplacental transferred anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in unvaccinated pregnant women in Cameroon occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, but not in the pre-pandemic period

SEUMKO'O NDEUMOU MEDOUEN Reine^1,2,3Thandeka Moyo-Gwete^4,5Tandile Hermanus^4,5Hillary Tene^2,3,6Romeo Brice Djounda Djieffouo^2,3,7Chris Marco Mbianda Nana^1,2Bernard Marie BITYE ZAMBO^1,2Berenice Zangue Kenfack Tekougang^1,2,8Bodin Darcisse TCHAKOUNTE KWANOU^1,2Eitel Mpoudi Ngolle³Diane Wallace Taylor⁹Rose Leke Gana Fomban^2,3Rosette Megnekou^1,2Penny Moore^10,11,12,4Forgu Esemu Livo^13,2,3*

• ¹University of Yaoundé I, Department of Animals Biology and Physiology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
• ²University of Yaoundé I, The Biotechnology Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon
• ³Institute Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Center for Research on Emerging and reemerging Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
• ⁴Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
• ⁵National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service,, Johannesburg, South Africa
• ⁶University of Yaoundé I, Department of Biochemistry, Yaoundé, Cameroon
• ⁷University of Yaoundé I, Department of Biochemistr, Yaoundé, Cameroon
• ⁸Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Epidemiology and Public Health Department, Yaoundé, Cameroon
• ⁹Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
• ¹⁰National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
• ¹¹Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
• ¹²Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
• ¹³University of Buea, Faculty of Health Sciences, Buea, Cameroon

Abstract Introduction: Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are critical for protection against SARS-CoV-2, but there is limited information on their role in pregnancy, especially among Cameroonian women. Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence of pan-coronavirus reactive antibodies from pregnant women sampled before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Plasma samples from 629 women in the second trimester and 661 at delivery were collected pre-COVID-19 and from 39 women at delivery during COVID-19 in Yaoundé, Cameroon. All samples were screened using the Abbott PanbioTM COVID-19 rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and the spike-pseudotyped lentivirus neutralization assay were done to measure antibody binding and neutralizing capacity in 118 and 33 samples, respectively. Results: Before the pandemic, 16.5% (213/1290) of pregnant women were seropositive for cross-reactive anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by RDT, while 12.2% (11/90) were seropositive to antibody binding by ELISA. Additionally, no correlation was found between cross-reactivity against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the HCoVs-OC43 and HcoVs-NL63 spikes. However, during the pandemic, 53.8% (21/39) of women sampled at delivery were seropositive by RDT, all women (28/28-100%) were seropositive by ELISA and 90% (20/22) of the samples from pregnant women tested for neutralization (20/22) had detectable neutralizing antibody responses during the COVID-19 pandemic. A transplacental transfer of binding antibodies from the mother to the child was found in 76.9% (30/39) of the tested dyads with a high prevalence during pandemic (26/28-86.7%) than prior the pandemic (4/11-13.3%). Discussion: This study goes to reinforce the need for vaccination as though, all participants elicited a response towards endemic coronaviruses before the COVID-19 pandemic, a very small fraction of participants had binding antibodies which cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 and none of these were neutralizing. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from the studied pregnant Cameroonian women at delivery during the pandemic had neutralizing activity against the founder variant and were efficiently transferred to the newborn. However the neutralization against other variants of concern warrants future investigation.