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MINI REVIEW article

Front. Immunol.

Sec. Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy

Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1635094

This article is part of the Research TopicSecondary Antibody DeficiencyView all articles

Secondary Antibody Deficiencies in the Modern Era: Emerging Trends, Diagnostic Pitfalls, and Advances in Personalised Management

Provisionally accepted
Shuayb Kamal ElkhalifaShuayb Kamal Elkhalifa1,2*Fulvio SalvoFulvio Salvo1Haggar ElbashirHaggar Elbashir3Irfan ShafiqIrfan Shafiq1Saed IsseSaed Isse1Mohamed AbuzakoukMohamed Abuzakouk1Mohamed Medhat GaberMohamed Medhat Gaber4Rehan BhanaRehan Bhana4
  • 1Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 2The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
  • 3Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, United Kingdom
  • 4Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom

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Secondary antibody deficiencies (SADs) are a significant but frequently under-recognised group of acquired immunodeficiencies. They may arise in various clinical settings, including haematological malignancies, immunosuppressive therapies, and protein-losing conditions. SADs are associated with an increased risk of recurrent and severe infections, hospitalisation, and impaired quality of life. Despite this, diagnostic and treatment pathways remain inconsistent across healthcare settings and regions. Recent advances in the use of structured clinical data, including electronic health records and systematic laboratory assessments, show promise in facilitating earlier recognition of SADs. These approaches support more timely treatment decisions and promote consistent standards of care. Achieving improved outcomes for individuals with SADs will require broader consensus on diagnostic criteria, treatment thresholds, and access to specialist immunology services.

Keywords: Secondary antibody deficiencies, Hypogammaglobulinaemia, Immunoglobulin replacement therapy, Recurrent infections, Haematological malignancy, immunosuppressive therapy, artificial intelligence, Electronic Health Records

Received: 26 May 2025; Accepted: 15 Sep 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Elkhalifa, Salvo, Elbashir, Shafiq, Isse, Abuzakouk, Medhat Gaber and Bhana. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Shuayb Kamal Elkhalifa, shuayb.elkhalifa@manchester.ac.uk

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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